Jump to content

List of missions to the Moon

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Moon rocket)

The Luna programme was the first successful lunar programme, its Luna 1 (1959) being the first partially successful lunar mission
The first image taken of the far side of the Moon, returned by Luna 3 (1959)

Missions to the Moon have been numerous and include some of the earliest space missions, conducting exploration of the Moon since 1959.

The first partially successful lunar mission was Luna 1 (January 1959), the first probe to leave Earth and fly past another astronomical body. Soon after that the first Moon landing and the first landing on any extraterrestrial body was performed by Luna 2,[1] which intentionally impacted the Moon on 14 September 1959. The far side of the Moon, which is always facing away from Earth due to tidal locking, was seen for the first time by Luna 3 in (7 October 1959). In 1966, Luna 9 became the first spacecraft to achieve a controlled soft landing,[2] while Luna 10 became the first mission to enter orbit, and in 1968 Zond 5 became the first mission to carry terrestrial lifeforms (tortoises) to close proximity of the Moon through a circumlunar approach.[3]

India's Chandrayaan-3 (2023) became the first lunar mission to achieve a soft landing near the lunar south pole

The first crewed missions to the Moon were pursued by the Soviet Union and the United States, becoming the climax of the Space Race. While the Soviet Union shifted to robotic sample return missions, the American Apollo program proceeded successfully, with Apollo 8 becoming the first crewed mission to enter lunar orbit in December 1968. On 20 July 1969 Apollo 11 landed on the Moon, and Neil Armstrong became the first person to walk on the Moon. At the same time another mission, the robotic sample return mission Luna 15 by the Soviet Union, was in orbit around the Moon, becoming together with Apollo 11 the first ever case of two extraterrestrial missions being conducted at the same time. Until 1972 crewed Apollo missions and until 1976 Soviet uncrewed sample return missions, with the first ever successful extraterrestrial rovers (Lunokhod programme), continued. After that no dedicated lunar missions were conducted until 1990. Since then the following nations and organisations (in chronological order) have visited the Moon, after the Soviet Union and the United States: Japan, the European Space Agency, China, India, Luxembourg, Israel, Italy, South Korea, the United Arab Emirates, Russia, Mexico, and Pakistan.

In 2018 the far side of the Moon was for the first time landed on by the Chang'e 4 mission at the Aitken basin on 3 January 2019 and deployed the Yutu-2 rover. Five years later, China followed with Chang'e 6 sample return mission to the far side whose lander successfully landed in Apollo crater on 1 June 2024 and collected lunar samples.

On August 23, 2023 12:34 UTC, India's Chandrayaan-3 became the first lunar mission to achieve a soft landing near the lunar south pole. The mission consisted of a lander and a rover for carrying out scientific experiments.

The Moon has also been visited by five spacecraft not dedicated to studying it; four of these spacecraft have flown past for the purpose of gravity assistance, and a radio telescope, Explorer 49, was placed into selenocentric orbit in order to use the Moon to block interference from terrestrial radio sources.

20th century

[edit]
Legend

Cubesat or similar

21st century

[edit]
Legend

⚀ Cubesat or similar

Statistics

[edit]
Map of landing sites on the MoonLuna 9Surveyor 1Luna 13Surveyor 3Surveyor 5Surveyor 6Surveyor 7Apollo 11Apollo 12Luna 16Luna 17Apollo 14Apollo 15Luna 20Apollo 16Apollo 17Luna 21Luna 23Luna 24Chang'e 3Smart Lander for Investigating Moon

Clickable map of the locations of all successful soft landings on the near side of the Moon to date (top)

Dates are landing dates in Coordinated Universal Time. Except for the Apollo program, all soft landings were uncrewed.
Interactive Map of soft landings till SLIM lander of Japan

Launches by decade

[edit]
Launches to Moon
Decade
1950s
13
1960s
63
1970s
23
1980s
0
1990s
7
2000s
8
2010s
10
2020s
14

This is a list of 138 missions (including failed ones) to the Moon. It includes Flybys, Impact probes, orbiters, landers, rovers and crewed missions.

Mission milestones by country

[edit]

This is a list of major milestones achieved by country. Recorded is the first spacecraft from each respective country to accomplish each milestone, regardless of mission type or intended outcome. For example, Beresheet was not intended to be an impactor, but achieved that milestone incidentally.

Legend

  Attempted Milestone achieved
  Attempted Milestone not achieved
First to achieve

Country/

Agency

Flyby[b] Orbit Impact Soft landing Rover Sample return Crewed orbiting Crewed landing
United States United States Pioneer 4, 1959 Lunar Orbiter 1, 1966 Ranger 4, 1962 Surveyor 1, 1966 LRV (Apollo 15), 1971 Apollo 11, 1969 Apollo 8, 1968 Apollo 11, 1969 †
Soviet Union Soviet Union Luna 1, 1959 Luna 10, 1966 Luna 2, 1959 Luna 9, 1966 Lunokhod 1, 1970 Luna 16, 1970
China China Chang'e 5-T1, 2014 Chang'e 1, 2007 Chang'e 1, 2009 Chang'e 3, 2013 Yutu, 2013 Chang'e 5, 2020
India India Chandrayaan 3, 2023 Chandrayaan 1, 2008 MIP, 2008 Chandrayaan 3, 2023 Pragyan, 2023
Japan Japan Hiten, 1990 Hiten, 1993 Hiten, 1993 SLIM, 2024 LEV-1, 2024
Israel Israel Beresheet, 2019 Beresheet, 2019 Beresheet, 2019
Russia Russia Luna 25, 2023 Luna 25, 2023 Luna 25, 2023
ESA SMART-1, 2003 SMART-1, 2006
Luxembourg Luxembourg 4M, 2014 4M, 2022
South Korea South Korea Danuri, 2022
Italy Italy ArgoMoon, 2022
United Arab Emirates UAE Rashid, 2023 Rashid, 2023
Pakistan Pakistan ICUBE-Q, 2024
Mexico Mexico Colmena, 2024

Missions by organization/company

[edit]

Future missions

[edit]

There are several future lunar missions planned or proposed by various nations and organisations.

Funded and are under development

[edit]

Robotic

[edit]

Crewed

[edit]

Proposed but full funding still unclear

[edit]

Robotic and crewed

[edit]

The following missions have been proposed but their full funding is unclear:

Lunar Rovers

[edit]

Unrealized concepts

[edit]

1960s

[edit]

1970s

[edit]
  • Canceled Apollo missions – The Apollo program had three more missions lined up until Apollo 20, but the missions beyond Apollo 17, the sixth and final landing mission, were canceled due to budget constraints, change in technical direction and hardware delays. The ambitions shifted towards developing next generation rockets like Space Shuttle, the space station Skylab and in exploration programs such as Grand Tour program.[181]

2000s

[edit]

2010s

[edit]
  • Resource Prospector – Concept by NASA of a rover that would have performed a survey expedition on a polar region of the Moon. It was canceled in April 2018.[183]
  • Indo-Russian joint mission – A joint mission between India and Russia for a robotic lander and rover was under development since 2007. Russia was supposed to develop the lander while India would develop an orbiter, a rover and launch the composite. However, with failure of Fobos-Grunt mission, Russia was unable to provide the lander in time and requested India to accept the delay and risk. The collaboration ended with India repurposing its orbiter towards Mars with its Mars Orbiter Mission in 2013.[184]

2020s

[edit]
  • DearMoon was an unrealized tourist mission financed by Japanese entrepreneur Yusaku Maezawa. Maezawa and six to eight other civilians would have performed a lunar flyby in a SpaceX Starship. It was cancelled on June 1, 2024[185]
  • VIPER – NASA rover that would have performed a survey expedition on a polar region of the Moon. It was canceled in July 2024.[186]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ "Even though the source says "IST will conduct various tests"; IST being a research university does not directly control the orbiter, rather any tests or operations on the orbiter are done through the national space agency i.e SUPARCO."[113]
  2. ^ While Orbiting specific missions achieve a flyby milestone by virtue of entering the orbit, this table lists only flyby specific missions.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Why failure is the fuel for a trip to Moon". The Times of India. 11 September 2019. Archived from the original on 19 February 2021. Retrieved 11 September 2019.
  2. ^ "Chandrayaan-2 landing: 40% lunar missions in last 60 years failed, finds Nasa report". 7 September 2019. Archived from the original on 8 September 2019. Retrieved 28 June 2022.
  3. ^ a b "月周回衛星「かぐや(SELENE)」 – SELENE通信 – お知らせ" (in Japanese). JAXA. 30 June 2009. Archived from the original on 3 October 2011. Retrieved 17 July 2009.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Siddiqi, Asif A. (2002). "1958" (PDF). Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000. Monographs in Aerospace History, No. 24. NASA History Office. pp. 17–19. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 February 2013. Retrieved 12 July 2017.
  5. ^ "Pioneer 0". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 19 December 2021. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
  6. ^ a b c Wade, Mark. "Luna E-1". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on 22 December 2010. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
  7. ^ "Pioneer 1". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 5 April 2022. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
  8. ^ "Pioneer 2". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 9 February 2022. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
  9. ^ "Pioneer 3". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 19 April 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
  10. ^ a b c d Siddiqi, Asif A. (2002). "1959" (PDF). Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000. Monographs in Aerospace History, No. 24. NASA History Office. pp. 21–24. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 September 2020. Retrieved 12 July 2017.
  11. ^ "Luna 1". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 2 June 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
  12. ^ "Pioneer 4". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 23 February 2017. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
  13. ^ "Luna 2". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 25 August 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
  14. ^ "Luna 3". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
  15. ^ "Pioneer P-3". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 19 June 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
  16. ^ a b c d Siddiqi, Asif A. (2002). "1960" (PDF). Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000. Monographs in Aerospace History, No. 24. NASA History Office. pp. 25–27. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 October 2020. Retrieved 12 July 2017.
  17. ^ "Pioneer P-30". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 26 June 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
  18. ^ "Pioneer P-31". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 29 June 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
  19. ^ a b c Siddiqi, Asif A. (2002). "1962" (PDF). Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000. Monographs in Aerospace History, No. 24. NASA History Office. pp. 34–37. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 12 July 2017.
  20. ^ "Ranger 3". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 8 January 2017. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
  21. ^ "Ranger 4". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 29 June 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
  22. ^ "Ranger 5". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 12 April 2016. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
  23. ^ "Sputnik 25". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 7 July 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
  24. ^ a b c Siddiqi, Asif A. (2002). "1963" (PDF). Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000. Monographs in Aerospace History, No. 24. NASA History Office. pp. 39–40. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 12 July 2017.
  25. ^ "Luna 4". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 10 February 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
  26. ^ a b c Siddiqi, Asif A. (2002). "1964" (PDF). Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000. Monographs in Aerospace History, No. 24. NASA History Office. pp. 41–45. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 12 July 2017.
  27. ^ "Luna 4". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
  28. ^ "Ranger 7". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 20 July 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
  29. ^ a b c d e f g h i Siddiqi, Asif A. (2002). "1965" (PDF). Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000. Monographs in Aerospace History, No. 24. NASA History Office. pp. 47–52. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 12 July 2017.
  30. ^ "Ranger 8". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 15 September 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
  31. ^ "Cosmos 60". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 6 July 2020. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
  32. ^ "Ranger 9". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
  33. ^ "Luna 5". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
  34. ^ "Luna 6". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 10 February 2020. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
  35. ^ "Zond 3". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 19 March 2021. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
  36. ^ "Luna 7". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
  37. ^ "Luna 8". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
  38. ^ "Luna 9". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
  39. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Siddiqi, Asif A. (2002). "1966" (PDF). Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000. Monographs in Aerospace History, No. 24. NASA History Office. pp. 47–52. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 June 2013. Retrieved 12 July 2017.
  40. ^ "Cosmos 111". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 23 April 2021. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
  41. ^ "Luna 10". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 27 July 2019. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
  42. ^ "Surveyor 1". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 27 September 2019. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
  43. ^ "Explorer 33". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 14 February 2020. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
  44. ^ "Lunar Orbiter 1". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 7 August 2019. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
  45. ^ "Luna 11". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 6 December 2013.
  46. ^ "Surveyor 2". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 28 April 2019. Retrieved 6 December 2013.
  47. ^ "Luna 12". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 28 April 2019. Retrieved 6 December 2013.
  48. ^ "Lunar Orbiter 2". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 6 December 2013.
  49. ^ "Luna 13". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 22 November 2019. Retrieved 6 December 2013.
  50. ^ "Lunar Orbiter 3". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 17 December 2013.
  51. ^ a b c d e f Siddiqi, Asif A. (2002). "1967" (PDF). Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000. Monographs in Aerospace History, No. 24. NASA History Office. pp. 47–52. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 March 2021. Retrieved 12 July 2017.
  52. ^ "Surveyor 3". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 4 September 2019. Retrieved 17 December 2013.
  53. ^ "Surveyor Lunar Spacecraft". Boeing. Archived from the original on 17 December 2013. Retrieved 17 December 2013.
  54. ^ "Lunar Orbiter 4". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
  55. ^ "Surveyor 4". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 28 April 2019. Retrieved 17 December 2013.
  56. ^ "Explorer 35". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
  57. ^ "Explorer 35". NASA. Archived from the original on 30 November 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
  58. ^ "Lunar Orbiter 5". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
  59. ^ "Surveyor 5". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 28 April 2019. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
  60. ^ "Surveyor 6". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 28 April 2019. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
  61. ^ "Surveyor 7". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 28 April 2019. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
  62. ^ a b c d Siddiqi, Asif A. (2002). "1968" (PDF). Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000. Monographs in Aerospace History, No. 24. NASA History Office. pp. 69–72. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 October 2020. Retrieved 12 July 2017.
  63. ^ "Luna 14". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 31 May 2014.
  64. ^ "Zond 5". NASA Space Science and Data Coordinated Archive. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
  65. ^ "Zond 6". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 4 April 2019. Retrieved 31 May 2014.
  66. ^ "Apollo 8". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 8 July 2009. Archived from the original on 20 May 2014. Retrieved 31 May 2014.
  67. ^ a b Siddiqi, Asif A. (2002). "1969" (PDF). Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000. Monographs in Aerospace History, No. 24. NASA History Office. pp. 73–80.
  68. ^ a b c d e f g Siddiqi, Asif A. (2002). "1969" (PDF). Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000. Monographs in Aerospace History, No. 24. NASA History Office. pp. 73–80. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 October 2020. Retrieved 12 July 2017.
  69. ^ "APOLLO 10 (AS-505)". Smithsonian Air and Space Museum. Archived from the original on 4 July 2017. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
  70. ^ Siddiqi, Asif A. (2002). "1976" (PDF). Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000. Monographs in Aerospace History, No. 24. NASA History Office. pp. 115–116. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 June 2013. Retrieved 12 July 2017.
  71. ^ "Luna 24". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 14 May 2019. Retrieved 14 December 2013.
  72. ^ "Hiten". NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive (NSSDCA). Archived from the original on 8 December 2017. Retrieved 12 April 2019.
  73. ^ "Japanese probe crashes into Moon". BBC. 11 June 2009. Archived from the original on 30 September 2009. Retrieved 8 May 2010.
  74. ^ Varanasi, P.; Tompkins, S.; Taylor, L. A.; Sunshine, J.; Staid, M.; Runyon, C.; Petro, N.; Nettles, J.; Mustard, J. (23 October 2009). "Character and Spatial Distribution of OH/H2O on the Surface of the Moon Seen by M3 on Chandrayaan-1". Science. 326 (5952): 568–572. Bibcode:2009Sci...326..568P. doi:10.1126/science.1178658. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 19779151. S2CID 447133.
  75. ^ "China's Moon orbiter Chang'e-2 travels 1.5 km into outer space". The Economic Times. 30 August 2011. Archived from the original on 4 February 2016. Retrieved 31 August 2011.
  76. ^ Lakdawalla, Emily (14 December 2012). "Chang'e 2 imaging of Toutatis succeeded beyond my expectations!". The Planetary Society. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
  77. ^ "Chang'e 2: The Full Story". The Planetary Society. 25 August 2012. Archived from the original on 23 April 2016. Retrieved 29 October 2012.
  78. ^ Gold, Scott (11 September 2011). "After delay, GRAIL moon mission launches". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 8 November 2012. Retrieved 8 April 2013.
  79. ^ Harwood, William (10 September 2011). "NASA launches GRAIL lunar probes". CBS News. Archived from the original on 11 September 2011. Retrieved 11 September 2011.
  80. ^ Blau, Patrick. "GRAIL Mission Design and Timeline". Spaceflight 101. Archived from the original on 19 July 2012. Retrieved 29 October 2012.
  81. ^ Trajectory Design Enhancements to Mitigate Risk for the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) (PDF). ntrs.nasa.gov (Report). NASA. 13 September 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 January 2017. Retrieved 1 January 2017.
  82. ^ How China's lunar relay satellite arrived in its final orbit Archived 17 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Luyuan Xu, The Planetary Society. 15 June 2018.
  83. ^ @planet4589 (31 July 2019). "The Chinese Longjiang-2 (DSLWP-B) lunar orbiting spacecraft completed its mission on Jul 31 at about 1420 UTC, in a planned impact on the lunar surface" (Tweet). Retrieved 1 August 2019 – via Twitter.
  84. ^ Rincon, Paul (7 December 2018). "China mission launches to far side of Moon". BBC News. Archived from the original on 8 December 2018. Retrieved 9 December 2018.
  85. ^ "China Makes Historic 1st Landing on Mysterious Far Side of the Moon". Space.com. 3 January 2019. Archived from the original on 3 January 2019. Retrieved 3 January 2019.
  86. ^ Bartels, Meghan; January 15, Space com Senior Writer |; ET, 2019 11:47am (15 January 2019). "Cotton Seed Sprouts on the Moon's Far Side in Historic First by China's Chang'e 4". Space.com. Retrieved 15 January 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  87. ^ Grush, Loren (21 February 2019). "Watch SpaceX launch a trio of spacecraft, including a lander bound for the Moon". The Verge. Archived from the original on 21 February 2019. Retrieved 22 February 2019.
  88. ^ "Beresheet". NASA Solar System Exploration. 19 February 2019. Archived from the original on 24 June 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2019..
  89. ^ Foust, Jeff (12 April 2019). "SpaceIL says "chain of events" led to crash of lunar lander". SpaceNews. Archived from the original on 14 April 2019. Retrieved 12 April 2019.
  90. ^ "Lander Vikram located: K Sivan". www.aninews.in. Archived from the original on 8 September 2019. Retrieved 8 September 2019.
  91. ^ "China's Chang'e-5 orbiter is heading back to the moon". SpaceNews. 6 September 2021. Archived from the original on 30 August 2022. Retrieved 8 September 2021.
  92. ^ a b Figliozzi, Gianine (8 June 2022). "CAPSTONE Mission Launch No Longer Targeting June 13". NASA. Archived from the original on 9 June 2022. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
  93. ^ "NASA Funds CubeSat Pathfinder Mission to Unique Lunar Orbit". NASA (Press release). 13 September 2019. Archived from the original on 10 November 2021. Retrieved 12 October 2021.
  94. ^ "Rocket Lab to Launch NASA Funded Commercial Moon Mission from New Zealand". Rocket Lab. 9 August 2021. Archived from the original on 8 August 2021. Retrieved 4 September 2021.
  95. ^ a b c d e f Foust, Jeff (11 November 2022). "NASA moving ahead with Nov. 16 Artemis 1 launch attempt". SpaceNews. Retrieved 12 November 2022.
  96. ^ "ispace Begins Final Assembly of Lunar Lander Flight Model Ahead of First Mission". ispace. 14 July 2021. Archived from the original on 14 July 2021. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
  97. ^ "ispace Announces Results of the "HAKUTO-R" Mission 1 Lunar Landing". ispace-inc. Retrieved 30 May 2023.
  98. ^ "NASA Eyes New Lunar CubeSat Orbit, Propulsion Challenges Continue – Small Satellite Missions". 8 February 2023.
  99. ^ "NASA gives up on tiny Lunar Flashlight probe's troubled moon ice mission". Space.com. 12 May 2023.
  100. ^ Jones, Andrew (25 January 2024). "Japan's SLIM achieved pinpoint moon landing with just one working engine". SpaceNews. Retrieved 24 February 2024.
  101. ^ "NASA, Intuitive Machines Share Images from the Moon, Provide Science Updates – Artemis". blogs.nasa.gov. 28 February 2024. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
  102. ^ "2/3 mission plans and procedures in order to deploy its CubeSat camera system. Despite the team's strong effort, the technical complications ultimately resulted in an inability to capture images of the Odysseus lander".
  103. ^ "EagleCam Updates: Public Comments by Intuitive Machines CEO Steve Altemus". Embry-Riddle Newsroom. Retrieved 31 May 2024.
  104. ^ Jones, Andrew (14 March 2024). "Surprise Chinese lunar mission hit by launch anomaly". SpaceNews. Retrieved 14 March 2024.
  105. ^ Jones, Andrew (20 August 2024). "Chinese spacecraft appear to reach lunar orbit despite launch setback". SpaceNews. Retrieved 20 August 2024.
  106. ^ Jones, Andrew (28 March 2024). "China appears to be trying to save stricken spacecraft from lunar limbo". SpaceNews. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
  107. ^ "DEEP SPACE EXPLORATION LABORATORY (TIANDU LABORATORY)". IAF. Retrieved 10 June 2024.
  108. ^ Jones, Andrew (8 September 2022). "China's Moon Missions Shadow NASA Artemis's Pace". IEEE Spectrum. Retrieved 8 September 2022.
  109. ^ "China launches signal relay satellite for mission to moon's hidden side". Reuters. 20 March 2024. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
  110. ^ a b c Jones, Andrew (10 January 2024). "China's Chang'e-6 probe arrives at spaceport for first-ever lunar far side sample mission". SpaceNews. Retrieved 10 January 2024.
  111. ^ Jones, Andrew (6 May 2024). "China's Chang'e-6 is carrying a surprise rover to the moon". SpaceNews. Retrieved 7 June 2024.
  112. ^ "Mission overview and Design of Lunar CubeSat "ICUBE-Q" onboard Chang'E-6". researchgate (Press release). 25 April 2023. Retrieved 11 August 2023.
  113. ^ "Pakistan's ICUBE-Q satellite successfully enters lunar orbit". 8 May 2024. Retrieved 17 May 2024.
  114. ^ "Pakistan's maiden lunar probe sends first pictures of the Moon". India Today. 10 May 2024. Retrieved 11 May 2024.
  115. ^ "China's Moon Missions Shadow NASA Artemis's Pace - IEEE Spectrum". IEEE.
  116. ^ Jones, Andrew (6 May 2024). "China's Chang'e-6 is carrying a surprise rover to the moon". SpaceNews. Archived from the original on 8 May 2024. Retrieved 8 May 2024.
  117. ^ "Falcon 9 Block 5 | Blue Ghost Mission 1". nextspaceflight.com. Retrieved 28 August 2024.
  118. ^ Schnautz, Risa (25 November 2024). "Firefly Aerospace Blue Ghost Mission 1 to the Moon Readies for Launch". Firefly Aerospace. Retrieved 25 November 2024.
  119. ^ "NASA Selects Firefly Aerospace for Artemis Commercial Moon Delivery in 2023". NASA (Press release). 4 February 2021. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
  120. ^ "Lunar Lander". Firefly Aerospace. 1 February 2021. Archived from the original on 5 February 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
  121. ^ "Falcon 9 Block 5 | HAKUTO-R M2 "Resilience"". nextspaceflight.com. Retrieved 25 November 2024.
  122. ^ a b David, Leonard (12 September 2024). "Ice-hunting Lunar Trailblazer and IM-2 nearly ready for January 2025 launch". SpaceNews. Retrieved 12 September 2024.
  123. ^ Johnson, Arianna. "MIT Will Return To The Moon For The First Time Since Apollo, Thanks To This Space Startup". Forbes.
  124. ^ Machines, Intuitive (5 January 2023). "Intuitive Machines Adds Commercial Lunar Rover to its Second Mission to the Moon". Intuitive Machines.
  125. ^ a b Kanayama, Lee (13 April 2020). "NOVA-C selects landing site, Masten gains CLPS contracts". NASASpaceFlight. Archived from the original on 12 April 2021. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
  126. ^ Foust, Jeff (27 September 2021). "Spaceflight offers lunar flyby rideshare mission".
  127. ^ Foust, Jeff (13 August 2024). "Intuitive Machines seeks to take over NASA's VIPER lunar rover". SpaceNews. Retrieved 13 August 2024.
  128. ^ "Three-peat: Intuitive Machines Selects SpaceX Falcon 9 Rocket for Third Moon Mission". Intuitive Machines (Press release). 10 August 2021. Archived from the original on 12 February 2022. Retrieved 10 August 2021.
  129. ^ Smith, Marcia (9 January 2024). "NASA Delays Next Artemis Missions to 2025 and 2026". SpacePolicyOnline. Retrieved 10 January 2024.
  130. ^ Jones, Andrew (6 November 2023). "Japan's mission to bizarre asteroid Phaethon delayed to 2025". Space.com. Retrieved 18 December 2023.
  131. ^ "Astrobotic selects Falcon Heavy to launch NASA's VIPER lunar rover". SpaceNews. 13 April 2021. Archived from the original on 19 April 2021. Retrieved 13 April 2021.
  132. ^ "In an update on CLPS science, NASA's Joel Kearns noted that the launch of the @astrobotic Griffin lander is moving out of 2024 and to sometime in 2025, depending on their development schedule. It will still host NASA's VIPER as its primary payload". X (formerly Twitter). Retrieved 24 May 2024.
  133. ^ "Moon to Mars Initiative: Trailblazer Stage 1". business.gov.au. 27 February 2024. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
  134. ^ "Australia votes to name its 1st moon rover 'Roo-ver'". Space.com. 6 December 2023.
  135. ^ Foust, Jeff (29 September 2023). "Ispace revises design of lunar lander for NASA CLPS mission". SpaceNews. Retrieved 30 September 2023.
  136. ^ a b Foust, Jeff (28 March 2024). "Japanese lunar lander company ispace raises $53.5 million in stock sale". SpaceNews. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
  137. ^ "NASA selects Firefly Aerospace for mission to moon's far side in 2026". Space.com. 17 March 2023.
  138. ^ a b Jones, Andrew (28 November 2022). "China outlines pathway for lunar and deep space exploration". SpaceNews. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
  139. ^ "A Big Rover Aims to Be Like 'UPS for the Moon'". Yahoo News.
  140. ^ "Astrobotic Purchases Falcon Heavy Launch Services". Astrobotic Technology. 25 April 2023.
  141. ^ Chapla, Alivia (23 July 2024). "Orbital Space Announces Historic First Privately Funded Lunar Mission from the Arab World". Astrobotic. Retrieved 8 August 2024.
  142. ^ "First Canadian rover to explore the Moon". CSA. 9 January 2023. Retrieved 24 September 2023.
  143. ^ a b c "Ученый сообщил об активном ходе работ по импортозамещению комплектующих "Луны-27"" [The scientist reported on the active progress of work on import substitution of Luna-27 components]. TASS (in Russian). 19 July 2023. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
  144. ^ Russian Moon exploration program Archived 15 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Russian Research Institute (IKI). 2017.
  145. ^ Potter, Sean (9 February 2021). "NASA Awards Contract to Launch Initial Elements for Lunar Outpost". NASA.
  146. ^ "Artemis Programs: NASA Should Document and Communicate Plans to Address Gateway's Mass Risk". GAO. 31 July 2024. Retrieved 31 July 2024.
  147. ^ a b Jones, Andrew (23 October 2024). "India to target moon's south pole with sample return mission". SpaceNews. Retrieved 23 October 2024.
  148. ^ Chen, Stephen (29 December 2021). "China speeds up moon base plan in space race against the US". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 21 August 2022. Retrieved 20 August 2022.
  149. ^ China's Deep Space Exploration Roadmap Archived 14 February 2019 at the Wayback Machine. 2018.
  150. ^ Jones, Andrew (29 December 2021). "China has moon's south pole in its sights with 3 missions launching this decade". Space.com. Archived from the original on 1 January 2022. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
  151. ^ Foust, Jeff (24 February 2023). "NASA plans to start work this year on first Gateway logistics mission".
  152. ^ Parsonson, Andrew (17 July 2024). "ESA Targets 2031 for First Argonaut Lunar Lander Mission". European Spaceflight. Retrieved 17 July 2024.
  153. ^ Hiesinger, H.; Landgraf, M.; Carey, W.; Karouji, Y.; Haltigin, T.; Osinski, G.; Mall, U.; Hashizume, K.; Group, Heracles Science Working (2019). "HERACLES: An ESA-JAXA-CSA Joint Study on Returning to the Moon". 50th Annual Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2132): 1327. Bibcode:2019LPI....50.1327H. {{cite journal}}: |last9= has generic name (help)
  154. ^ "Missions". Lunar Outpost. Retrieved 27 March 2024.
  155. ^ "4 fully-funded missions on the horizon". Twitter. Retrieved 27 March 2024.
  156. ^ a b Foust, Jeff (5 December 2024). "NASA further delays next Artemis missions". spacenews.com. Retrieved 6 December 2024.
  157. ^ a b "FY 2025 Budget Request | FY 2025 President's Budget Request Moon to Mars Manifest" (PDF). NASA. 15 April 2024. p. 6. Retrieved 27 July 2024.
  158. ^ a b Jones, Andrew (24 April 2024). "China on track for crewed moon landing by 2030, space official says". SpaceNews. Retrieved 27 July 2024.
  159. ^ Foust, Jeff (13 March 2023). "NASA planning to spend up to $1 billion on space station deorbit module".
  160. ^ "Will Geometric Energy Corporation and SpaceX Use Artificial Intelligence in the Doge-1 Mission to the Moon?". www.wicz.com. Archived from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
  161. ^ Mark R. Whittington (12 February 2023). "Beresheet 2: The latest in America's inclusive return to the moon". The Hill.
  162. ^ "Conheça a Garatéa-L, missão que pretende levar o Brasil à Lua em 2025" (in Brazilian Portuguese). 10 August 2022. Archived from the original on 14 August 2022. Retrieved 9 October 2022.
  163. ^ "Parsec™ Service from Lockheed Martin". Lockheed Martin.
  164. ^ Katya Pavlushchnko [@katlinegrey] (11 August 2023). "Yuri Borisov: Roscosmos plans to launch #Luna26 in 2027, Luna-27 - in 2028, and Luna-28 - in 2030 or later. After that, the next goal will be a crewed mission to the Moon" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  165. ^ https://www.korea.kr/news/policyNewsView.do?newsId=148885478 . Blue House, 문 대통령 "내년 달 궤도선·2030년 달 착륙…7대 우주강국 도약". 18 May 2021.
  166. ^ Kuthunur, Sharmila (18 October 2023). "India wants to land astronauts on moon in 2040". Space.com. Archived from the original on 23 February 2024. Retrieved 15 December 2023.
  167. ^ Bi-Sat Observations of the Lunar Atmosphere Above Swirls (BOLAS): Tethered SmallSat Investigation of Hydration and Space Weathering Processes at the Moon. (PDF) Stubbs, T. J.; Malphrus, B. K.; Hoyt, R., etal. 49th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference; 19–23 March 2018 at The Woodlands, Texas, USA.
  168. ^ "About the mission". esc Aerospace. 2023. Retrieved 27 March 2023.
  169. ^ Siddiqi, Asif A. (2002). "1969" (PDF). Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000. Monographs in Aerospace History, No. 24. NASA History Office. pp. 73–80. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 October 2020. Retrieved 12 July 2017.
  170. ^ Andrew Jones (5 October 2021). "1,000 days on the moon! China's Chang'e 4 lunar far side mission hits big milestone". Space.com. Retrieved 7 October 2021.
  171. ^ Chandrayaan 3 - After The Landing What Happens Next?, 27 August 2023, retrieved 28 August 2023
  172. ^ "Chandrayaan-3 Mission: All planned Rover movements have been verified. The Rover has successfully traversed a distance of about 100 meters. Rover payloads LIBS and APXS are turned ON. All payloads on the propulsion module, lander module, and rover are performing nominally. #Chandrayaan_3 #Ch3". Twitter. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
  173. ^ Fisher, Jackie Wattles, Kristin (8 January 2024). "Peregrine mission abandons Moon landing attempt after suffering 'critical' fuel loss". CNN. Retrieved 9 January 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  174. ^ Jones, Andrew (6 May 2024). "China's Chang'e-6 is carrying a surprise rover to the moon". SpaceNews. Archived from the original on 8 May 2024. Retrieved 8 May 2024.
  175. ^ "AstroAnt". MIT Media Lab. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
  176. ^ Dinner, Josh (1 April 2023). "SpaceX Starship will launch this new private moon rover in 2026 (video)". Space.com. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
  177. ^ Foust, Jeff (21 November 2023). "Astrolab announces first customers for commercial lunar rover mission". SpaceNews. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
  178. ^ "Moon to Mars Initiative: Trailblazer Stage 1". business.gov.au. 18 September 2024. Retrieved 6 December 2024.
  179. ^ published, Samantha Mathewson (6 December 2023). "Australia votes to name its 1st moon rover 'Roo-ver'". Space.com. Retrieved 6 December 2024.
  180. ^ Brian Harvey; Olga Zakutnyaya (2011). Russian Space Probes: Scientific Discoveries and Future Missions. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 211–. ISBN 978-1-4419-8150-9.
  181. ^ Times, Richard D. Lyons Special to The New York (3 September 1970). "2 MOON LANDINGS DROPPED BY NASA IN ECONOMY MOVE". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 18 March 2024.
  182. ^ "Constellation program | Spacecraft, History, & Facts | Britannica".
  183. ^ NASA scraps a lunar surface mission — just as it's supposed to focus on a Moon return Archived 3 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine Loren Grush, The Verge April 27, 2018
  184. ^ "How ISRO modified a lunar orbiter into Mars orbiter Mangalyaan, India's "Moon Man" recalls". Zee News. 25 October 2020. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 25 October 2020.
  185. ^ https://x.com/dearmoonproject/status/1796759847817625933 [bare URL]
  186. ^ "NASA Ends VIPER Project, Continues Moon Exploration - NASA". Retrieved 17 July 2024.
[edit]