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FC Pyunik

Coordinates: 40°10′19″N 44°31′33″E / 40.17194°N 44.52583°E / 40.17194; 44.52583
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Pyunik
Փյունիկ
Full nameFootball Club Pyunik
Nickname(s)Նռնագույններ (Pomegranate Color)
Founded20 January 1992; 32 years ago (1992-01-20)
GroundVazgen Sargsyan Republican Stadium
Capacity14,403
Coordinates40°10′19″N 44°31′33″E / 40.17194°N 44.52583°E / 40.17194; 44.52583
PresidentArthur Soghomonyan
ManagerYegishe Melikyan
LeagueArmenian Premier League
2023–241st of 10 (Champions)
Websitefcpyunik.am/en
Current season

Football Club Pyunik (Armenian: Փյունիկ Ֆուտբոլային ակումբ), commonly known as Pyunik (lit.'Phoenix'), is an Armenian professional sports club based in the Kentron neighbourhood of Yerevan. Pyunik is mostly known for its professional football team which, since its creation in 1992, has always played in the Armenian Premier League, becoming the most successful team of Armenia in number of official titles, with 34 won to date.[1][2][3][4]

Internationally, Pyunik has yet to win an international title, with the closest result being a bronze place finish in the 2006 Commonwealth of Independent States Cup.[5] Pyunik's domestic success usually qualifies the team for UEFA Champions League and UEFA Europa League qualifying rounds. Pyunik is also known to be one of the most popular football clubs in Armenia, along with Urartu, Shirak and Ararat.[6]

Pyunik has always had a fierce rivalry with Ararat, as both clubs are considered to be the most successful clubs in Armenia, the latter due to its Soviet accomplishments.[7] Both clubs are also the two most popular in the country and favorites within the Armenian Diaspora. Pyunik also shares a rivalry with Urartu which began when Urartu relocated from Abovyan to Yerevan in 2001, and became the third largest team in the city. The Pyunik-Urartu rivalry is seen as one of the biggest clashes in Armenian football.

Pyunik's home stadium is the Vazgen Sargsyan Republican Stadium, which is also home to the Armenia national football team. The youth academy has produced many Armenian internationals such as Henrikh Mkhitaryan, Robert Arzumanyan, Karlen Mkrtchyan, Edgar Manucharyan, Varazdat Haroyan and Gevorg Ghazaryan, many who have played or are playing for top European clubs.

History

[edit]

Pyunik was founded in 1992 by Armenian football legend Khoren Oganesian and originally named Homenetmen Yerevan.[8] The club won the first Armenian Premier League competition held in 1992 which it shared with Shirak since both teams were tied on points. In 1995, Homenetmen Yerevan was renamed FC Pyunik (Armenian for "Phoenix"). Following the change of name, Pyunik went on to win the 1995–96 Armenian Premier League and end the season with a 59-match unbeaten streak.[9]

In 1996, Pyunik played its first international cup match, a UEFA Europa League qualifying match against Finnish club HJK Helsinki which Pyunik won 3–1.[10] Pyunik also won the 1996-97 Armenian Premier League securing itself another chance at qualifying for an international cup playoffs the following year.[11]

In 1997, Pyunik played its first UEFA Champions League qualifying match against Hungarian side MTK Budapest FC yet failed to qualify for the playoffs following a 6–3 defeat on aggregate.[12]

1998 proved to be a crucial year for the club following the loss of its main source of funding and the subsequent departure of its main players. Pyunik finished 6th that season and withdrew from football altogether.

Pyunik secured a comeback to professional football following its absorption of FC Armenicum, a newly promoted team to the Armenian Premier League. The club's new management sought to bring more experience to the club and reinforced the squad with foreign players from Argentina, Cameroon, Mali and Romania. The reinforcements brought positive results and Pyunik went on to win the 2001 Armenian Premier League and 2002 Armenian Cup.[13][14]

2002 saw Pyunik advance to the second round of the UEFA Champions League qualifying round after beating Finnish champions Tampere United 6–0 on aggregate.[15] From 2002 forwards, Pyunik went on to win the Armenian Premier League a record of 10 times in a row, from 2001 to 2010.

On 8 January 2020, former Armenian international goalkeeper Roman Berezovsky was announced as the club's new manager.[16] Just over 7-months later, 13 July 2020, Berezovsky left the club by mutual consent.[17] On 20 July 2020, Artak Oseyan was announced as Pyunik's new manager,[18] but left his role as head coach on 13 December 2020.[19] On 7 January 2021, Yegishe Melikyan was announced as Pyunik's new manager.[20]

In the 2022/23 season, after victories over Cluj and Dudelange, Pyunik became the first ever Armenian club to reach the third round of Champions League qualifying, where they played against former European Champions Crvena Zvezda, losing 7–0 on aggregate.

Subsequently, Pyunik dropped into the play-off round of the Europa League, where they played against the Moldovan side Sheriff Tiraspol. After two scoreless draws, Pyunik lost on penalties, thus dropping into the group stages of the Conference League, the first ever group stage appearance in a European competition for the club.

After a defeat away against Basel on the first matchday, Pyunik faced Slovan Bratislava in their first home match in Yerevan, which they won thanks to goals from Artak Dashyan and Yusuf Otubanjo. This result meant that they became the first ever Armenian team to win a game in UEFA group stage competitions.

Domestic history

[edit]
Season League Armenian Cup Top goalscorer Manager
Div. Pos. Pl. W D L GS GA P Name League
1992 Armenian Premier League 1st 22 17 3 2 75 31 37 Runner-Up Poghos Galstyan 26
1993 4th 28 21 3 4 80 29 45 Semi-final Gegham Hovhannisyan 26
1994 2nd 28 23 1 4 113 24 47 Semi-final Arsen Avetisyan 39
1995 2nd1 10 5 4 1 31 8 19 Quarter-final Arsen Avetisyan 12
1995–96 1st 22 19 3 0 71 14 60 Winner
1996–97 1st 22 19 2 1 67 9 59 Runner-Up Arsen Avetisyan 24
1997 4th 18 11 2 5 42 16 35 Varazdat Avetisyan 10
1998 6th 26 6 3 17 27 68 21 Semi-final
1999 Club did not participate.
2000
2001 Armenian Premier League 1st 22 17 2 3 77 23 53 Semi-final Arman Karamyan 21 Armenia Samvel Darbinyan
2002 1st 22 19 2 1 85 14 59 Winner Arman Karamyan 36
2003 1st 28 23 5 0 87 11 74 Semi-final Galust Petrosyan 12
2004 1st 28 22 5 1 89 25 71 Winner Edgar Manucharyan
Galust Petrosyan
21
2005 1st 20 11 6 3 35 15 39 Quarter-final Tigran Davtyan 9
2006 1st 28 23 4 1 86 23 73 Runner-Up Arsen Avetisyan 15
2007 1st 28 18 3 7 58 22 57 Semi-final Henrikh Mkhitaryan 12
2008 1st2 28 18 5 5 40 18 59 Semi-final Albert Tadevosyan 10
2009 1st 28 20 5 3 64 13 65 Winner Henrikh Mkhitaryan 11
2010 1st 28 20 5 3 73 22 65 Winner Gevorg Ghazaryan
Marcos Pizzelli
16
2011 3rd 28 12 10 6 33 28 46 Quarter-final Edgar Manucharyan 8
2011–12 Only Cup competition was held Quarter-final
2012–13 4th 42 19 6 17 67 51 63 Winner Viulen Ayvazyan 11
2013–14 6th 28 8 8 12 41 39 32 Winner Sarkis Baloyan 10
2014–15 1st 28 19 4 5 58 26 61 Winner César Romero 21
2015–16 3rd 28 13 9 6 44 21 48 Quarter-final Vardan Pogosyan 9
2016–17 4th 30 12 9 9 35 27 45 Runner-Up Alik Arakelyan 6 Armenia Sargis Hovsepyan
Armenia Artak Oseyan
2017–18 5th 30 9 9 12 37 41 36 Quarter-final Alik Arakelyan 7 Armenia Armen Gyulbudaghyants
Russia Aleksei Yeryomenko
Armenia Armen Gyulbudaghyants
2018–19 2nd 32 18 6 8 46 32 60 Quarter-final Erik Vardanyan 8 Russia Andrei Talalayev
Russia Aleksandr Tarkhanov
2019–20 8th 22 8 2 12 39 42 26 Second Round Denis Mahmudov 9 Russia Aleksandr Tarkhanov
Armenia Suren Chakhalyan (Caretaker)
Armenia Roman Berezovsky
2020–21 7th 24 6 7 11 20 18 25 First Round José Caraballo 3 Armenia Artak Oseyan
Armenia Yegishe Melikyan
2021–22 1st 32 23 6 3 52 25 75 Quarterfinal Hugo Firmino 16 Armenia Yegishe Melikyan
2022–23 2nd 36 25 5 6 72 23 80 Semifinal Luka Juričić
Yusuf Otubanjo
17 Armenia Yegishe Melikyan
2023–24 1st 36 24 10 2 84 28 82 Semifinal Yusuf Otubanjo 21 Armenia Yegishe Melikyan
  • Due to the 1995 season being a transitional season, there was no official winner of championship.
  • Championship was decided by a decision game.

European history

[edit]
As of match played 29 August 2024
Competition GP W D L GF GA +/-
UEFA Champions League 42 9 10 23 36 69 –33
UEFA Europa League / UEFA Cup 28 9 7 12 27 48 –21
UEFA Conference League 18 10 0 8 25 24 +1
Total 88 28 17 43 88 141 −53
Season Competition Round Club Home Away Aggregate
1996–97 UEFA Cup QR Finland HJK Helsinki 3–1 2–5 (aet) 5–6
1997–98 UEFA Champions League 1Q Hungary MTK Budapest 0–2 3–4 3–6
2002–03 UEFA Champions League 1Q Finland Tampere United 2–0 4–0 6–0
2Q Ukraine Dynamo Kyiv 2–2 0–4 2–6
2003–04 UEFA Champions League 1Q Iceland KR Reykjavík 1–0 1–1 2–1
2Q Bulgaria CSKA Sofia 0–2 0–1 0–3
2004–05 UEFA Champions League 1Q North Macedonia Pobeda Prilep 1–1 3–1 4–2
2Q Ukraine Shakhtar Donetsk 1–3 0–1 1–4
2005–06 UEFA Champions League 1Q Finland Haka Valkeakoski 2–2 0–1 2–3
2006–07 UEFA Champions League 1Q Moldova Sheriff Tiraspol 0–0 0–2 0–2
2007–08 UEFA Champions League 1Q Republic of Ireland Derry City 2–0 0–0 2–0
2Q Ukraine Shakhtar Donetsk 0–2 1–2 1–4
2008–09 UEFA Champions League 1Q Cyprus Anorthosis Famagusta 0–2 0–1 0–3
2009–10 UEFA Champions League 2Q Croatia Dinamo Zagreb 0–0 0–3 0–3
2010–11 UEFA Champions League 2Q Serbia Partizan Belgrade 0–1 1–3 1–4
2011–12 UEFA Champions League 2Q Czech Republic Viktoria Plzeň 0–4 1–5 1–9
2012–13 UEFA Europa League 1Q Montenegro Zeta Golubovci 0–3 2–1 2–4
2013–14 UEFA Europa League 1Q North Macedonia Teteks Tetovo 1–0 1–1 2–1
2Q Lithuania Žalgiris Vilnius 1–1 0–2 1–3
2014–15 UEFA Europa League 1Q Kazakhstan Astana 1–4 0–2 1–6
2015–16 UEFA Champions League 1Q San Marino Folgore 2–1 2–1 4–2
2Q Norway Molde 1–0 0–5 1–5
2016–17 UEFA Europa League 1Q Gibraltar Europa FC 2–1 0–2 2–3
2017–18 UEFA Europa League 1Q Slovakia Slovan Bratislava 1–4 0–5 1–9
2018–19 UEFA Europa League 1Q North Macedonia Vardar 1–0 2–0 3–0
2Q Kazakhstan Tobol 1–0 1–2 2–2 (a)
3Q Israel Maccabi Tel Aviv 0–0 1–2 1–2
2019–20 UEFA Europa League 1Q North Macedonia Shkupi 3–3 2–1 5–4
2Q Czech Republic Jablonec 2–1 0–0 2–1
3Q England Wolverhampton Wanderers 0–4 0–4 0–8
2022–23 UEFA Champions League 1Q Romania CFR Cluj 0–0 2–2 (aet) 2–2 (4–3 p)
2Q Luxembourg F91 Dudelange 0–1 4−1 4−2
3Q Serbia Red Star Belgrade 0–2 0–5 0–7
UEFA Europa League PO Moldova Sheriff Tiraspol 0–0 0–0 0–0 (2–3 p)
UEFA Europa Conference League Group H Switzerland Basel 1–2 1–3 3rd
Slovakia Slovan Bratislava 2−0 1–2
Lithuania Žalgiris 2−0 1–2
2023–24 UEFA Europa Conference League 1Q Estonia Narva Trans 2−0 3−0 5−0
2Q Sweden Kalmar FF 2−1 2−1 4−2
3Q Norway Bodø/Glimt 0–3 0–3 0–6
2024–25 UEFA Champions League 1Q Belarus Dinamo Minsk 0–1 0–0 0–1
UEFA Conference League 2Q North Macedonia Struga 3–1 1–2 4–3
3Q Kazakhstan Ordabasy 1−0 1−0 2−0
PO Slovenia Celje 1−0 1–4 2–4

Kit and badge

[edit]

Throughout the seasons, Pyunik has predominantly worn blue and white jerseys, with a few exceptions including Pyunik's first jerseys which were orange and

Puma is the club's current kit supplier since 2019.[21]

On 3 August 2020, Pyunik announced that Joma would be supplying the team's kit for the 2020–21 season.[22]

Kit suppliers and shirt sponsors

[edit]
Period Kit Manufacturer Shirt Sponsors
1992–95
1995–98 Erima
2001–02 Erima/Diadora
2002–03 Holani
2003–04 Puma
2004–05 Holani
2005–09 Hummel Complex
2010–13 Armenian Development Bank
2014–18 Nike Armenian Development Bank/Gold's Gym
2018–19 Umbro Gold's Gym
2019–20 Puma TotoGaming
2020– Joma[22]

Badge

[edit]

The club has had five different designs for its badge during its history, with the first three designs being significantly different from each other. Following the club's reappearance in 2001, Pyunik introduced its iconic logo design which included a bold letter P placed on top of a football. The club kept this design for 13 years before introducing a double-headed golden phoenix crest in 2014. This change resulted unpopular among the fans and Pyunik introduced a new badge in 2019, this time returning to its original round shape with a predominantly blue logo and a red phoenix in the center.

Stadium

[edit]
The stadium during Soviet era
Stadium view
The stadium during a Champions League qualifying match

Pyunik used several locations throughout its history. Between 1992 and 1998, Pyunik played at Hrazdan Stadium, Armenia's largest stadium with a capacity for 54,208 spectators.[23]

In 2001, following the renovations works done at the Republican Stadium two years before, Pyunik relocated and played all its home matches there until 2013, with a brief interruption in 2008, when the club was forced to play at Pyunik Stadium; its training ground, due to renovation works at the Republican Stadium.

Between 2013 and 2017, the Yerevan Football Academy served as a home venue for all domestic competitions, while still using the Republican Stadium for international fixtures. At the beginning of 2017–18 Armenian Premier League season, Pyunik used the Republican Stadium as a home venue during the first half of the season, and eventually returning to their own Pyunik Stadium during the second half.

The Republican Stadium is also the home of the Armenia national football team, and is sometimes used by other Armenian teams for their international cup fixtures.

The club is currently planning on building an all-seater 5,000 capacity stadium by 2022.[24]

List of stadiums used by the club

[edit]

Supporters

[edit]

Pyunik's supporter base is traditionally regarded as part of Yerevan's higher class, in contrast with the supposedly more lower-class base of cross-town arch rival FC Urartu. Because of the club's history and recent success, the fanbase has grown not only in Yerevan, but in other provinces of Armenia and within the Armenian Diaspora as well.

Pyunik is considered to be one of the most popular clubs in Armenia, and has one of the biggest Ultras fanbases in Armenia, called Sector 18, named after the sector they occupy at the Vazgen Sargsyan Republican Stadium.[25]

Rivalries

[edit]

Pyunik's rivalry with Ararat originates with the creation of the club itself. Pyunik's founder Khoren Oganesian, is considered an Ararat club idol, due to his achievements at the club during the Soviet period, winning the 1975 Soviet Cup. Pyunik's success in recent history has led the club's image to surpass that of Ararat, which has led to arguments over which club has had a bigger impact on Armenian football.

The other rivalry, between Pyunik and Urartu is also known as the clash of Yerevan neighborhoods, since Pyunik is located in the wealthier Kentron neighborhood, whereas Urartu is located in the lower-class Malatia-Sebastia neighborhood. The rivalry between both teams originates from Urartu's relocation from Abovyan to Yerevan in 2001, competing with and eventually becoming one of the largest teams in the city. Both teams' youth academies also compete with each other as they are considered to be two of the best in the country.

Players

[edit]

Current squad

[edit]
As of 3 September 2024[26]

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules, some limited exceptions apply. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

No. Pos. Nation Player
2 FW Bosnia and Herzegovina BIH Luka Juričić (on loan from CFR Cluj)
3 DF Armenia ARM Arman Hovhannisyan
4 MF Armenia ARM Solomon Udo
5 DF Brazil BRA James Santos
6 DF Brazil BRA Juninho
7 FW Armenia ARM Edgar Malakyan (captain)
8 FW Ivory Coast CIV Serges Déblé
9 FW Portugal POR João Paredes
10 MF Armenia ARM Artak Grigoryan
14 FW Nigeria NGA Yusuf Otubanjo
15 DF Russia RUS Mikhail Kovalenko
16 GK Armenia ARM Henri Avagyan
17 MF Armenia ARM Levon Petrosayan
18 FW Venezuela VEN José Caraballo
20 MF Brazil BRA Lucas Villela
No. Pos. Nation Player
21 FW Brazil BRA Agdon Menezes
22 DF Brazil BRA Alemão
23 FW Brazil BRA Vagner
29 MF Moldova MDA Eugeniu Cociuc
32 GK Armenia ARM Sergey Mikaelyan
33 DF Armenia ARM Taron Voskanyan
35 MF Armenia ARM Petros Alekyan
44 DF Colombia COL Juan Bravo
66 MF Portugal POR Martim Maia
71 GK Armenia ARM Stanislav Buchnev
77 FW Nigeria NGA Sani Buhari
79 DF Ukraine UKR Serhiy Vakulenko
92 MF Haiti HAI Bryan Alceus
95 DF Ukraine UKR Anton Bratkov
97 DF Armenia ARM David Davidyan

Out on loan

[edit]

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules, some limited exceptions apply. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

No. Pos. Nation Player
DF Armenia ARM Mark Avetisyan (at BKMA Yerevan)
MF Armenia ARM Vyacheslav Afyan (at BKMA Yerevan)
MF Armenia ARM Artur Grigoryan (at BKMA Yerevan)
No. Pos. Nation Player
MF Armenia ARM Karlen Hovhannisyan (at BKMA Yerevan)
FW Armenia ARM Aris Karapetyan (at BKMA Yerevan)
FW Armenia ARM Levon Vardanyan (at BKMA Yerevan)

Technical staff

[edit]
Position Name
Manager Armenia Yegishe Melikyan
Assistant coach Ukraine Roman Monarev
Goalkeepers Coach Armenia Vladimir Vardanyan
Team Doctor Armenia Vahagn Gevorgyan
Masseur Armenia Hayk Mnatsakanyan and Robert Nersisyan
Team Administrator Armenia Hovhannes Hayrapetyan
Team Manager Armenia Hovhannes Hayrapetyan
Pyunik-2 Coach Armenia Albert Sargsyan

Institutional

[edit]

Executive board

[edit]

Arthur Soghomonyan is the current owner and President of Pyunik since 2017.

  • Vice-president: Robert Gasparyan
  • 2nd Vice-president: Aleksandr Tarkhanov
  • Executive Director: Tigran Martirosyan

Staff

[edit]
  • Development: Aleksandr Tarkhanov
  • Youth Academy: Albert Sargsyan
  • Sporting director: Samvel Arustamyan
  • Chief scout: Robert Arzumanyan
  • Press Secretary: Shushanik Hakobyan
  • Marketing and Public Relations: Vera Martirosyan
  • Officer: Vardan Tsaturyan

Honours

[edit]

Other sports sections

[edit]

Football reserves and academy

[edit]

The reserve is currently coached by Yuri Tarkhanov and competes in the Armenian First League. The youth academy is managed by Albert Sargsyan.[27]

Notable players from the youth academy include Henrikh Mkhitaryan, Robert Arzumanyan, Karlen Mkrtchyan, Edgar Manucharyan, Varazdat Haroyan and Gevorg Ghazaryan.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Հայաստանի Առաջնության, Գավաթի և Սուպերգավաթի խաղարկությունները". freenet.am. Archived from the original on 7 September 2014. Retrieved 29 April 2020.
  2. ^ "Armenia - List of Cup Finals". Archived from the original on 2007-05-18. Retrieved 29 April 2020.
  3. ^ "Club History". Archived from the original on 19 April 2022. Retrieved 29 April 2020.
  4. ^ "Armenia - List of Champions". Archived from the original on 1 September 2022. Retrieved 29 April 2020.
  5. ^ "Commonwealth of Independent States Cup 2006". Archived from the original on 25 September 2022. Retrieved 29 April 2020.
  6. ^ "Armenia: Top Armenian Football Clubs". Archived from the original on 21 July 2020. Retrieved 29 April 2020.
  7. ^ "Armenia always a football hotbed". Archived from the original on 24 December 2019. Retrieved 29 April 2020.
  8. ^ (2005) Encyclopedia of Football Head. "George - Hirair LTD", page 63.
  9. ^ "Armenia 1995/96". Archived from the original on 15 August 2022. Retrieved 29 April 2020.
  10. ^ "Pyunik FC » Record against HJK Helsinki". Archived from the original on 24 December 2022. Retrieved 29 April 2020.
  11. ^ 1996–97 Armenian Premier League
  12. ^ "Pyunik FC » Record against MTK Budapest". Archived from the original on 24 December 2022. Retrieved 29 April 2020.
  13. ^ "Armenia 2001 Premier League". Archived from the original on 1 September 2022. Retrieved 29 April 2020.
  14. ^ "Armenia 2002 Premier League". Archived from the original on 3 December 2022. Retrieved 29 April 2020.
  15. ^ "2002/03, First qualifying round, 2nd leg". Archived from the original on 29 June 2022. Retrieved 29 April 2020.
  16. ^ "Ռոման Բերեզովսկին՝ Փյունիկի գլխավոր մարզիչ". fcpyunik.am/ (in Armenian). FC Pyunik. 8 January 2020. Archived from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 8 January 2020.
  17. ^ "Պաշտոնական հայտարարություն․ Ռոման Բերեզովսկի". fcpyunik.am/ (in Armenian). FC Pyunik. 13 July 2020. Archived from the original on 15 July 2020. Retrieved 15 July 2020.
  18. ^ "New appointment: Artak Oseyan". fcpyunik.am/. FC Pyunik. 20 July 2020. Archived from the original on 20 July 2020. Retrieved 20 July 2020.
  19. ^ "Artak Oseyan left Pyunik". fcpyunik.am/. FC Pyunik. 13 December 2020. Archived from the original on 10 January 2021. Retrieved 19 December 2020.
  20. ^ "Official statement: Eghishe Melikyan". fcpyunik.am/. FC Pyunik. 7 January 2021. Archived from the original on 7 January 2021. Retrieved 8 January 2021.
  21. ^ "Evolution of Pyunik jerseys: 1992-2019 (Photos)". Archived from the original on 1 August 2022. Retrieved 29 April 2020.
  22. ^ a b "Joma - new partner of Pyunik FC". fcpyunik.am/. FC Pyunik. 3 August 2020. Archived from the original on 13 September 2020. Retrieved 3 August 2020.
  23. ^ "Stadiums". Archived from the original on 28 February 2020. Retrieved 29 April 2020.
  24. ^ "Le propriétaire du club de football Pyunik envisage d'investir 15 millions de dollars dans la construction d'un stade et d'une base sportive pour son club". Archived from the original on 29 April 2020. Retrieved 29 April 2020.
  25. ^ "Sector 18 Pyunik FC". Retrieved 29 April 2020.
  26. ^ "Pyunik". fcpyunik.am/. FC Pyunik. Archived from the original on 5 March 2019. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
  27. ^ "Management". Archived from the original on 19 September 2020. Retrieved 29 April 2020.
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