Jump to content

Colorado Springs, Colorado

Coordinates: 38°50′02″N 104°49′31″W / 38.83389°N 104.82528°W / 38.83389; -104.82528
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Colorado Springs
City
Colorado Springs skyline
Colorado Springs skyline with the
Front Range in the background
Pikes Peak
Will Rogers Shrine of the Sun
Colorado Springs Pioneers Museum
Glen Eyrie
The Broadmoor
United States Olympic & Paralympic Museum
Flag of Colorado Springs
Flag
Official logo of Colorado Springs
Logo
Nicknames: 
Olympic City USA,[2]
The Springs[3][4]
Location of the City of Colorado Springs in El Paso County, Colorado
Location of the City of Colorado Springs in El Paso County, Colorado
Colorado Springs is located in Colorado
Colorado Springs
Colorado Springs
Location of Colorado Springs in Colorado
Colorado Springs is located in the United States
Colorado Springs
Colorado Springs
Location of Colorado Springs in the United States
Coordinates: 38°50′02″N 104°49′31″W / 38.83389°N 104.82528°W / 38.83389; -104.82528
Country United States
State Colorado
CountyEl Paso County[1]
IncorporatedJune 19, 1886; 138 years ago (1886-06-19)[5]
Government
 • TypeCity[6]
 • MayorYemi Mobolade (I)[7]
Area
[8]
 • Total
195.761 sq mi (507.019 km2)
 • Land195.399 sq mi (506.082 km2)
 • Water0.362 sq mi (0.937 km2)
Elevation
[9]
6,035 ft (1,839 m)
Population
 (2020)[8]
 • Total
478,961
 • Estimate 
(2023)
488,664 Increase
 • Rank2nd in Colorado
39th in the United States
 • Density2,400/sq mi (940/km2)
 • Urban
632,494 (US: 66th)
 • Urban density3,156.7/sq mi (1,218.8/km2)
 • Metro
755,105 (US: 79th)
 • Front Range
5,055,344
GDP
[10]
 • Metro$47.905 billion (2022)
Time zoneUTC– 07:00 (MST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC– 06:00 (MDT)
ZIP codes[11]
80901–80951, 80960, 80962, 80970, 80977, 80995, 80997
Area code719
FIPS code08-16000
GNIS feature ID2410198[9]
Websitecoloradosprings.gov

Colorado Springs is a city in and the county seat of El Paso County, Colorado, United States.[6] It is the most populous city in El Paso County, with a population of 478,961 at the 2020 census, a 15.02% increase since 2010.[8][12] Colorado Springs is the second-most populous city and the most extensive city in the state of Colorado, and the 39th-most-populous city in the United States.[13] It is the principal city of the Colorado Springs metropolitan area, which had 755,105 residents in 2020, and the second-most prominent city of the Front Range Urban Corridor. It is located in east-central Colorado on Fountain Creek, 70 miles (113 km) south of Denver.

At 6,035 feet (1,839 m)[9] the city stands over 1 mile (1.6 km) above sea level. Colorado Springs is near the base of Pikes Peak, which rises 14,115 feet (4,302.31 m) above sea level on the eastern edge of the Southern Rocky Mountains. The city is the largest city north of Mexico above 6000 feet in elevation.

History

[edit]
Main article: History of Colorado Springs, Colorado
For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Colorado Springs, Colorado.
Panoramic View of Downtown Colorado Springs

The Ute, Arapaho and Cheyenne peoples were the first recorded inhabiting the area which would become Colorado Springs.[14] Part of the territory included in the United States' 1803 Louisiana Purchase, the current city area was designated part of the 1854 Kansas Territory. In 1859, after the first local settlement was established, it became part of the Jefferson Territory on October 24 and of El Paso County on November 28. Colorado City at the Front Range confluence of Fountain and Camp creeks was "formally organized on August 13, 1859"[15] during the Pikes Peak Gold Rush. It served as the capital of the Colorado Territory from November 5, 1861, until August 14, 1862, when the capital was moved to Golden, before it was finally moved to Denver in 1867.[16] So many immigrants from England had settled in Colorado Springs by the early 1870s that Colorado Springs was locally referred to as "Little London".[17] In 1871 the Colorado Springs Company laid out the towns of La Font (later called Manitou Springs) and Fountain Colony, upstream and downstream respectively, of Colorado City.[18] Within a year, Fountain Colony was renamed Colorado Springs and officially incorporated.[19] The El Paso County seat shifted from Colorado City in 1873 to the Town of Colorado Springs.[20] On December 1, 1880, Colorado Springs expanded northward with two annexations.[21][22]

The second period of annexations was during 1889–90, and included Seavey's Addition, West Colorado Springs, East End, and another North End addition.[21] In 1891 the Broadmoor Land Company built the Broadmoor suburb, which included the Broadmoor Casino, and by December 12, 1895, the city had "four Mining Exchanges and 275 mining brokers."[23] By 1898, the city was designated into quadrants by the north-south Cascade Avenue and the east-west Washington/Pikes Peak avenues.[22]: 10 

Nikola Tesla sitting in the Colorado Springs Experimental Station with his "magnifying transmitter" generating millions of volts

From 1899 to 1901 Tesla Experimental Station operated on Knob Hill,[24] and aircraft flights to the Broadmoor's neighboring fields began in 1919.[25] Alexander Airport north of the city opened in 1925, and in 1927 the original Colorado Springs Municipal Airport land was purchased east of the city.[25]

The city's military presence began during World War II, beginning with Camp Carson (now the 135,000-acre Fort Carson base) that was established in 1941.[26] During the war, the United States Army Air Forces leased land adjacent to the municipal airfield, naming it Peterson Field in December 1942.[27][28]

In November 1950, Ent Air Force Base was selected as the Cold War headquarters for Air Defense Command (ADC). The former WWII Army Air Base, Peterson Field, which had been inactivated at the end of the war, was re-opened in 1951 as a U.S. Air Force base.[29]  North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) was established as a hardened command and control center within the Cheyenne Mountain Complex during the Cold War.[30]

Between 1965 and 1968, the University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Pikes Peak State College and Colorado Technical University were established in or near the city.[31][32] In 1977 most of the former Ent AFB became a US Olympic training center. The Libertarian Party was founded within the city in the 1970s.[33]

On October 1, 1981, the Broadmoor Addition,[21] Cheyenne Canon, Ivywild, Skyway, and Stratton Meadows were annexed after the Colorado Supreme Court "overturned a district court decision that voided the annexation". Further annexations expanding the city include the Nielson Addition and Vineyard Commerce Park Annexation in September 2008.[21]

On June 23, 2012, the Waldo Canyon fire began 4 miles (6.4 km) northwest of the city.[34] The fire ended up destroying 347 homes and killing two people in the city. In total, over 32,000 residents had to be evacuated.[35] At the time the fire was the most destructive in state history until it was surpassed by the Black Forest Fire the following year.[citation needed]

Mining in Colorado Springs, Colorado
People
Coal mining areas
Other mining topics

Geography

[edit]
View of downtown Colorado Springs from the summit of Pikes Peak.
View of Colorado Springs and Pikes Peak from the eastern plains

The city lies in a semi-arid Steppe region,[36]with the Southern Rocky Mountains to the west, the Palmer Divide to the north, high plains further east, and high desert lands to the south when leaving Fountain and approaching Pueblo.[37] Colorado Springs is 69 miles (111 km) or one hour and five minutes south of Denver by car using I-25.[38]

Colorado Springs has the greatest total area of any municipality in Colorado. At the 2020 United States Census, the city had a total area of 195.761 square miles (507.019 km2) including 0.362 square miles (0.937 km2) of water.[8]

Climate

[edit]

Colorado Springs has a cooler, dry-winter Monsoon influenced continental climate (Köppen Dwa), and its location just east of the Rocky Mountains affords it the rapid warming influence from chinook winds during winter but also subjects it to drastic day-to-day variability in weather conditions.[39] The city has abundant sunshine year-round, averaging 243 sunny days per year,[40][41] and receives approximately 16.5 inches (419 mm) of annual precipitation. Due to unusually low precipitation for several years after flooding in 1999, Colorado Springs enacted lawn water restrictions in 2002. These were lifted in 2005[37] but permanently reinstated in December 2019.[42]

Colorado Springs is one of the most active lightning strike areas in the United States.[36] This natural phenomenon led Nikola Tesla to select Colorado Springs as the preferred location to build his lab and study electricity.[43]

Seasonal climate

[edit]
View of the city through the clouds on July 1, 2022, taken from the International Space Station with north oriented towards the left

December is typically the coldest month, averaging 30.8 °F (−0.7 °C). Historically, January had been the coldest month, but, in recent years, December has had both lower daily maxima and minima.[44] Typically, there are 5.2 nights with sub-0 °F (−18 °C) lows and 23.6 days where the high does not rise above freezing.[45]

Snowfall is usually moderate and remains on the ground briefly because of direct sun, with the city receiving 38 inches (97 cm) per season, although the mountains to the west often receive in excess of triple that amount; March is the snowiest month in the region, both by total accumulation and number of days with measurable snowfall. In addition, 8 of the top 10 heaviest 24-hour snowfalls have occurred from March to May.[45] Summers are warm, with July, the warmest month, averaging 70.9 °F (21.6 °C), and 18 days of 90 °F (32 °C)+ highs annually. Due to the high elevation and aridity, nights are usually relatively cool and rarely does the low remain above 70 °F (21 °C).[45] Dry weather generally prevails, but brief afternoon thunderstorms are common, especially in July and August when the city receives the majority of its annual rainfall, due to the North American monsoon.[46]

The first autumn freeze and the last freeze in the spring, on average, occur on October 2 and May 6, respectively; the average window for measurable snowfall (≥0.1 in or 0.25 cm) is October 21 through April 25. Extreme temperatures range from 101 °F (38 °C) on June 26, 2012 and most recently on June 21, 2016, down to −27 °F (−33 °C) on February 1, 1951, and December 9, 1919.[47]

Climate data

[edit]
Climate data for Colorado Springs, Colorado (Colorado Springs Municipal Airport), 1991–2020 normals,[a] extremes 1894–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 73
(23) 		77
(25) 		81
(27) 		87
(31) 		94
(34) 		101
(38) 		100
(38) 		99
(37) 		98
(37) 		87
(31) 		78
(26) 		77
(25) 		101
(38)
Mean maximum °F (°C) 64.5
(18.1) 		66.2
(19.0) 		72.8
(22.7) 		79.0
(26.1) 		85.8
(29.9) 		93.8
(34.3) 		95.2
(35.1) 		92.7
(33.7) 		88.9
(31.6) 		81.8
(27.7) 		71.6
(22.0) 		64.1
(17.8) 		96.7
(35.9)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 45.0
(7.2) 		46.5
(8.1) 		54.9
(12.7) 		61.0
(16.1) 		70.7
(21.5) 		81.6
(27.6) 		86.5
(30.3) 		83.6
(28.7) 		77.1
(25.1) 		64.7
(18.2) 		52.9
(11.6) 		44.6
(7.0) 		64.1
(17.8)
Daily mean °F (°C) 31.8
(−0.1) 		33.4
(0.8) 		41.1
(5.1) 		47.5
(8.6) 		57.5
(14.2) 		67.2
(19.6) 		72.4
(22.4) 		70.1
(21.2) 		63.0
(17.2) 		50.7
(10.4) 		39.5
(4.2) 		31.7
(−0.2) 		50.5
(10.3)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 18.5
(−7.5) 		20.2
(−6.6) 		27.3
(−2.6) 		34.0
(1.1) 		43.5
(6.4) 		52.8
(11.6) 		58.2
(14.6) 		56.6
(13.7) 		48.9
(9.4) 		36.6
(2.6) 		26.0
(−3.3) 		18.7
(−7.4) 		36.8
(2.7)
Mean minimum °F (°C) −1.4
(−18.6) 		1.4
(−17.0) 		9.6
(−12.4) 		19.3
(−7.1) 		30.1
(−1.1) 		42.5
(5.8) 		50.9
(10.5) 		48.5
(9.2) 		35.6
(2.0) 		19.6
(−6.9) 		7.4
(−13.7) 		−1.6
(−18.7) 		−7.1
(−21.7)
Record low °F (°C) −26
(−32) 		−27
(−33) 		−16
(−27) 		−3
(−19) 		15
(−9) 		27
(−3) 		37
(3) 		34
(1) 		20
(−7) 		−6
(−21) 		−12
(−24) 		−27
(−33) 		−27
(−33)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 0.29
(7.4) 		0.32
(8.1) 		0.79
(20) 		1.45
(37) 		1.99
(51) 		2.27
(58) 		3.12
(79) 		2.96
(75) 		1.35
(34) 		0.77
(20) 		0.37
(9.4) 		0.23
(5.8) 		15.91
(404)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 4.9
(12) 		4.6
(12) 		5.7
(14) 		5.5
(14) 		0.6
(1.5) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.2
(0.51) 		2.5
(6.4) 		4.4
(11) 		4.1
(10) 		32.5
(83)
Average extreme snow depth inches (cm) 2
(5.1) 		3
(7.6) 		3
(7.6) 		3
(7.6) 		1
(2.5) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		2
(5.1) 		2
(5.1) 		2
(5.1) 		3
(7.6)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 3.6 4.6 6.7 8.2 10.3 9.8 12.1 12.4 6.6 4.8 4.5 3.7 87.3
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 3.9 4.4 4.9 3.6 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 1.7 3.7 4.0 27.1
Mean monthly sunshine hours 217 224 279 300 310 330 341 310 270 248 210 217 3,256
Source 1: NOAA[45][48][49]
Source 2: Weather-US[50][51][52]

Demographics

[edit]
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
18804,226—
189011,140163.6%
190021,08589.3%
191029,07837.9%
192030,1053.5%
193033,23710.4%
194036,78910.7%
195045,47223.6%
196070,19454.4%
1970135,51793.1%
1980215,10558.7%
1990281,14030.7%
2000360,89028.4%
2010416,42715.4%
2020478,96115.0%
2023 (est.)488,6642.0%
U.S. Decennial Census
Map of racial distribution in Colorado Springs, 2010 U.S. Census. Each dot is 25 people: ⬤ White ⬤ Black ⬤ Asian ⬤ Hispanic ⬤ Other
Colorado Springs, Colorado – Racial and ethnic composition
Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.
Race / Ethnicity (NH = Non-Hispanic) Pop 2000[53] Pop 2010[54] Pop 2020[55] % 2000 % 2010 % 2020
White alone (NH) 271,734 294,598 312,752 75.30% 70.74% 65.30%
Black or African American alone (NH) 22,760 24,391 26,368 6.31% 5.86% 5.51%
Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH) 2,095 2,403 2,504 0.58% 0.58% 0.52%
Asian alone (NH) 9,956 12,206 15,672 2.76% 2.93% 3.27%
Pacific Islander alone (NH) 681 1,092 1,392 0.19% 0.26% 0.29%
Other race alone (NH) 651 768 2,831 0.18% 0.18% 0.59%
Mixed race or Multiracial (NH) 9,683 14,103 29,545 2.68% 3.39% 6.17%
Hispanic or Latino (any race) 43,330 66,866 87,897 12.01% 16.06% 18.35%
Total 360,890 416,427 478,961 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%

2020 census

[edit]

As of the 2020 United States Census, the population of the City of Colorado Springs was 478,961 (40th most populous U.S. city), the population of the Colorado Springs Metropolitan Statistical Area was 755,105 (79th most populous MSA), and the population of the Front Range Urban Corridor was 5,055,344.[8]

2010 census

[edit]

As of the April 2010 census,[56] 78.8% of the population of the city was White (non-Hispanic Whites were 70.7% of the population,[57] compared with 86.6% in 1970[58]), 16.1% Hispanic or Latino of any race (compared with 7.4% in 1970), 6.3% Black or African American, 3.0% Asian, 1.0% descended from indigenous peoples of the Americas, 0.3% descended from indigenous Hawaiians and other Pacific islanders, 5.5% of some other race, and 5.1% of two or more races. Mexican Americans made up 14.6% of the city's population, compared with 9.1% in 1990. The median age in the city was 35 years.[59][b]

Economy

[edit]

Colorado Springs's economy is driven primarily by the military, the high-tech industry, and tourism, in that order. The city is experiencing growth in the service sectors. In June 2019, before the COVID-19 pandemic, the unemployment rate was 3.3%.[61] The state's unemployment rate in June 2022 was 3.4%[62] compared to 3.6% for the nation.[63]

Military

[edit]
United States Space Force – Peterson Space Force Base Building 1

As of 2021, there are nearly 45,000 active-duty troops in Colorado Springs. There are more than 100,000 veterans and thousands of reservists.[26] The military and defense contractors supply more than 40% of the Pikes Peak region's economy.[26]

Colorado Springs is home to the Peterson Space Force Base, Schriever Space Force Base, Cheyenne Mountain Space Force Station, U.S. Space Command, and Space Operations Command— the largest contingent of space service military installations. They are responsible for intelligence gathering, space operations, and cyber missions.[64]

Peterson Space Force Base is responsible for the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) and the United States Northern Command (USNORTHCOM) headquarters,[30] Space Operations Command, and Space Deltas 2, 3, and 7.[64] Located at Peterson is the 302nd Airlift Wing, an Air Force Reserve unit, that transports passengers and cargo and fights wildfires.[64]

Schriever Space Force Base is responsible for Joint Task Force-Space Defense and Space Deltas 6, 8, and 9.[64] The NORAD and USNORTHCOM Alternate Command Center is located at the Cheyenne Mountain Complex.[30] Within the mountain complex, the Cheyenne Mountain Space Force Station has been operated by Space Operations Command.[30] On January 13, 2021, the Air Force announced a new permanent home for Space Command, moving it from Colorado Springs to Huntsville, Alabama in 2026, but the decision could be reversed by Congress.[26][65][c]

President Richard Nixon gives a commencement ceremony speech at the Air Force Academy in Colorado Springs, June 4, 1969.

Army divisions are trained and stationed at Fort Carson. The United States Air Force Academy was established after World War II, on land donated by the City of Colorado Springs.[26]

Further information: History of Colorado Springs, Colorado § Military installations

Defense industry

[edit]

The defense industry forms a significant part of the Colorado Springs economy, with some of the city's largest employers being defense contractors.[69] Some defense corporations have left or downsized city campuses, but slight growth has been recorded. Significant defense corporations in the city include Northrop Grumman, Boeing, General Dynamics, L3Harris Technologies, SAIC, ITT, Lockheed Martin, and Bluestaq.[70][71][72][73] The Space Foundation is based in Colorado Springs.[74]

High-tech industry

[edit]

A large percentage of Colorado Springs's economy is still based on manufacturing high-tech and complex electronic equipment. The high-tech sector in the Colorado Springs area has decreased its overall presence from 2000 to 2006 (from around 21,000 to around 8,000), with notable reductions in information technology and complex electronic equipment.[75] Current trends project the high-tech employment ratio will continue to decrease.[76][77][78][79][needs update]

High-tech corporations offering fibre-optics to the premises connections within the city include: Lumen Technologies, Comcast and other providers as of 2023.[80] Hewlett-Packard still has some sales, support, and SAN storage engineering center for the computer industry.[81][82][83] Storage Networking Industry Association is the home of the SNIA Technology Center.[84] Keysight Technologies, spun off in 2014 from Agilent,[85] which was itself spun off from HP in 1999 as an independent, publicly traded company,[86] has its oscilloscope research and development division based in Colorado Springs. Intel had 250 employees in 2009.[87] The Intel facility is now used for the centralized unemployment offices, social services, El Paso county offices, and a bitcoin mining facility.[88] Microchip Technology (formerly Atmel), is a chip fabrication organization.[89] The Apple Inc. facility was sold to Sanmina-SCI in 1996.[90]

Culture and contemporary life

[edit]

Tourism

[edit]
Pikes Peak, the easternmost "fourteener" in the United States

Almost immediately following the arrival of railroads beginning in 1871, the city's location at the base of Pikes Peak and the Rocky Mountains made it a popular tourism destination. Tourism is the third largest employer in the Pikes Peak region, accounting for more than 16,000 jobs.[91] In 2018, 23 million day and overnight visitors came to the area, contributing $2.4 billion in revenue.[92]

Garden of the Gods

Colorado Springs has more than 55 attractions and activities in the area,[93] including Garden of the Gods park, United States Air Force Academy, the ANA Money Museum, Cheyenne Mountain Zoo, Colorado Springs Fine Arts Center at Colorado College, Old Colorado City, The National Museum of World War II Aviation, and the U.S. Olympic & Paralympic Training Center.[94] In 2020, the United States Olympic & Paralympic Museum opened;[95] the Flying W Ranch Chuckwagon Dinner & Western Show reopened in 2020.[96] A new Pikes Peak Summit Complex opened at the 14,115-foot summit in 2021.[97] The Manitou and Pikes Peak Railway also reopened in 2021.[98]

The downtown Colorado Springs Visitor Information Center offers free area information to leisure and business travelers.[93] The Cultural Office of the Pikes Peak Region (COPPeR), also downtown, supports and advocates for the arts throughout the Pikes Peak Region. It operates the PeakRadar website to communicate city events.[99]

Annual cultural events

[edit]
The Saturday morning launch, overlooking Prospect Lake, in downtown Colorado Springs

Colorado Springs is home to the annual Colorado Springs Labor Day Lift Off, a hot air balloon festival that takes place over Labor Day weekend at the city's Memorial Park.[100]

Other annual events include: a comic book convention and science fiction convention called GalaxyFest in February,[101] a pride parade called PrideFest in July,[102] the Greek Festival, the Pikes Peak Ascent and Marathon, and the Steers & Beers Whiskey and Beer Festival in August,[103][104][105] and the Emma Crawford Coffin Races and Festival in nearby Manitou Springs and Arts Month in October.[106][107]

The Colorado Springs Festival of Lights Parade is held the first Saturday in December.[108] The parade is held on Tejon Street in Downtown Colorado Springs.[109]

Breweries

[edit]
St. Mary's Cathedral is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Colorado Springs.

In 2017, Colorado had the third-most craft breweries at 348.[110] Breweries and microbreweries have become popular in Colorado Springs, which hosts over 30 of them.[111][112]

Religious institutions

[edit]

Although houses of worship of almost every major world religion are within the city, Colorado Springs has in particular attracted a large influx of Evangelical Christians and Christian organizations in recent years. At one time Colorado Springs was the national headquarters for 81 different religious organizations, earning the city the tongue-in-cheek nicknames "the Evangelical Vatican"[113] and "The Christian Mecca". Religious groups with regional or international headquarters in Colorado Springs include:

Marijuana

[edit]
Main article: Colorado Amendment 64 § Local option

Although Colorado voters approved Colorado Amendment 64, a constitutional amendment in 2012 legalizing retail sales of marijuana for recreational purposes, the Colorado Springs city council voted not to permit retail shops in the city, as was allowed in the amendment.[133] Medical marijuana outlets continue to operate in Colorado Springs.[134] In 2015, there were 91 medical marijuana clinics in the city, which reported sales of $59.6 million in 2014, up 11 percent from the previous year but without recreational marijuana shops.[135] On April 26, 2016, Colorado Springs city council decided to extend the current six-month moratorium to eighteen months with no new licenses to be granted until May 2017. A scholarly paper suggested the city would give up $25.4 million in tax revenue and fees if the city continued to thwart the industry from opening within the city limits.[136][137] As of March 1, 2018, there were 131 medical marijuana centers and no recreational cannabis stores.[138] As of 2019 Colorado Springs is still one of seven towns that have only allowed for medical marijuana.[139]

[edit]

Colorado Springs has been the subject of or setting for many books, films and television shows, and is a frequent backdrop for political thrillers and military-themed stories because of its many military installations and vital importance to the United States' continental defense. Notable television series using the city as a setting include Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman, Homicide Hunter and the Stargate series Stargate SG-1, as well as the films WarGames, The Prestige, and BlacKkKlansman.[140]

In a North Korean propaganda video released in April 2013, Colorado Springs was singled out as one of four targets for a missile strike. The video failed to pinpoint Colorado Springs on the map, instead showing a spot somewhere in Louisiana.[141]

Sports

[edit]

Olympic sports

[edit]
United States Olympic Committee headquarters and training facility

Colorado Springs, dubbed Olympic City USA, is home to the United States Olympic & Paralympic Training Center and the headquarters of the United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee and the United States Anti-Doping Agency.[142]

Further, over 50 national sports organizations (non-Olympic) headquarter in Colorado Springs. These include the National Strength and Conditioning Association, Sports Incubator, a various non-Olympic Sports (such as USA Ultimate), and more.[143]

Colorado Springs and Denver hosted the 1962 World Ice Hockey Championships.

The city has a long association with the sport of figure skating, having hosted the U.S. Figure Skating Championships six times and the World Figure Skating Championships five times. It is home to the World Figure Skating Museum and Hall of Fame and the Broadmoor Skating Club, a notable training center for the sport. In recent years, the Broadmoor World Arena has hosted skating events such as Skate America and the Four Continents Figure Skating Championships.[144]

Baseball

[edit]

Colorado Springs is home to a professional baseball team, The Rocky Mountain Vibes who are a member of the Pioneer League an MLB Partner League

Pikes Peak International Hill Climb

[edit]
See also: Pikes Peak International Hill Climb

The Pikes Peak International Hill Climb (PPIHC), also known as The Race to the Clouds, is an annual invitational automobile and motorcycle hill climb to the summit of Pikes Peak, every year on the last Sunday of June.[145] The highway wasn't completely paved until 2011.[146]

Local professional teams

[edit]
Name Sport Founded League Venue Ref.
Colorado Springs Switchbacks FC Soccer 2015 USL Championship Weidner Field [147]
Rocky Mountain Vibes Baseball 2019 Pioneer League UCHealth Park [148]

Local collegiate teams

[edit]

The local colleges feature many sports teams. Notable among them are several nationally competitive NCAA Division I teams: United States Air Force Academy (Falcons) Football, Basketball and Hockey[149] and Colorado College (Tigers) Hockey, and Women's Soccer.[150]

Rodeo

[edit]

Colorado Springs was the original headquarters of the Professional Bull Riders (PBR) from its founding in 1992 until 2005, when the organization was moved to Pueblo.[151]

Parks, trails and open space

[edit]
Main articles: Parks in Colorado Springs, Colorado and List of parks in Colorado Springs, Colorado

The city's Parks, Recreation and Cultural Services manage 136 neighborhood parks, eight community parks, seven regional parks, and five sports complexes, totaling 9,000 acres (3,600 ha). They also manage 500 acres (200 ha) of trails, of which 160 miles (260 km) are park trails and 105 miles (169 km) are urban. There are 5,000 acres (2,000 ha) of open space in 48 open-space areas.[152]

Parks

[edit]
Ackerman Overlook, near United States Air Force Academy off Interstate 25 in Colorado Springs, is named for Jasper D. Ackerman (1896–1988), a banker and rancher.[153]
Pulpit Rock, in Pikeview (North Colorado Springs)

Garden of the Gods is on Colorado Springs's western edge. It is a National Natural Landmark, with 300 foot (91 m) red/orange sandstone rock formations often viewed against a backdrop of the snow-capped Pikes Peak. This park is free to the public and offers many recreational opportunities, such as hiking, rock climbing, cycling, horseback riding and tours.[154] It offers a variety of annual events, one of the most popular of which is the Starlight Spectacular, a recreational bike ride held every summer to benefit the Trails and Open Space Coalition of Colorado Springs.[155]

Colorado Springs has several major city parks, such as Palmer Park, America the Beautiful Park in downtown, Memorial Park, which includes many sports fields, an indoor swimming pool and skating rink, a skateboard bowl and two half-pipes, and Monument Valley Park, which has walking and biking paths, an outdoor swimming pool and pickleball courts.[156] Monument Valley Park also has Tahama Spring, the original spring in Colorado Springs.[157][158] Austin Bluffs Park affords a place of recreation in eastern Colorado Springs. El Paso County Regional Parks include Bear Creek Regional Park, Bear Creek Dog Park, Fox Run Regional Park and Fountain Creek Regional Park and Nature Center.[159] Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa),[160][161] Gambel oak (Quercus gambelii),[162][163] narrowleaf yucca (Yucca angustissima, syn. Yucca glauca)[164] and prickly pear cactus (Opuntia macrorhiza).[165]

Trails

[edit]

Three trails, the New Santa Fe Regional Trail, Pikes Peak Greenway and Fountain Creek Regional Trail, form a continuous path from Palmer Lake, through Colorado Springs, to Fountain, Colorado. The majority of the trail between Palmer Lake and Fountain is a soft surface breeze gravel trail. A major segment of the trail within the Colorado Springs city limits is paved. The trails, except Monument Valley Park trails, may be used for equestrian traffic. Motorized vehicles are not allowed on the trails. Many of the trails are interconnected, having main spine trails, like the Pikes Peak Greenway, that lead to secondary trails.[166][167][168]

Government

[edit]
Colorado Springs City Hall in 2008

On November 2, 2010, Colorado Springs voters adopted a council-strong mayor form of government. The City of Colorado Springs transitioned to the new system of government in 2011. Under the council-strong mayor system of government, the mayor is the chief executive and the city council is the legislative branch. The mayor is a full-time elected position and not a member of the council. The council has nine members, six of whom represent one of six equally populated districts each. The remaining three members are elected at-large.[169]

Colorado Springs City Hall was built from 1902 to 1904 on land donated by W. S. Stratton.[170]

City Council

[edit]

The Colorado Springs City Council consists of nine elected officials, six of whom represent districts and three of whom represent the city at-large.[171]

  • District 1 – Dave Donelson
  • District 2 – Randy Helms – Council President
  • District 3 – Michelle Talarico
  • District 4 – Yolanda Avila
  • District 5 – Nancy Henjum
  • District 6 – Mike O'Malley
  • At-large – Lynette Crow-Iverson – Council President Pro Tem
  • At-large – David Leinweber
  • At-large – Brian Risley

Politics

[edit]

In 2017 Caleb Hannan wrote in Politico that Colorado Springs was "staunchly Republican", "a right-wing counterweight to liberal Boulder", and that a study ranked it "the fourth most conservative city in America".[172] In 2016 Hannan wrote that downtown Colorado Springs had a different political vibe from the overall area's and that there were "superficial signs of changing demographics".[172] Since 2020, Colorado Springs has continued to shift towards the political center. In 2022, Governor Jared Polis won the city in his bid for reelection.[173] In the 2023 mayoral election, independent candidate Yemi Mobolade handily won the race and became the first elected non-Republican mayor of the city.[174]

Education

[edit]

Primary and secondary education

[edit]

In addition the state of Colorado runs the Colorado School for the Deaf and Blind, a residential school for people up to age 21 and established in 1874, in the city.[185]

Higher education

[edit]
Doolittle Hall on the campus of the United States Air Force Academy

State institutions offering bachelors and graduate degree programs in Colorado Springs include the University of Colorado Colorado Springs (UCCS) with more than 12,000 students[186] and Pikes Peak State College which offers mostly two-year degree associate degrees.[187] The United States Air Force Academy is a federal institution offering bachelor's degrees for officer candidates.[188]

Private non-profit institutions include Colorado College established in 1874 with about 2,000 undergraduates.[189] Colorado Christian University has its Colorado Springs Center in the city.[190]

Private for-profit institutions include Colorado Technical University whose main campus is in Colorado Springs and IntelliTec College a technical training school.

Transportation

[edit]

Major highways and roads

[edit]

Interstate highways

[edit]

Colorado Springs is primarily served by one interstate highway. I-25 runs north and south through Colorado, and traverses the city for nearly 18 miles (29 km), entering the city south of Circle Drive and exiting north of North Gate Boulevard. In El Paso County it is known as Ronald Reagan Highway.[d]

State and U.S. highways

[edit]

A number of state and U.S. highways serve the city. State Highway 21 is a major east side semi-expressway from Black Forest to Fountain, known locally and co-signed as Powers Boulevard. State Highway 83 runs north–south from central Denver to northern Colorado Springs. State Highway 94 runs east–west from western Cheyenne County to eastern Colorado Springs where it terminates at US 24. US 24 is a major route through the city and county, providing access to Woodland Park via Ute Pass to the west and downtown, Nob Hill and numerous suburbs to the east. It is co-signed with Platte Ave after SH 21 and originally carried local traffic through town. The Martin Luther King Jr Bypass runs from I-25 near Circle Drive along Fountain Blvd to SH 21, then east again. State Highway 115 begins in Cañon City, traveling north along the western edge of Fort Carson; when it reaches the city limits it merges with Nevada Avenue, a signed Business Route of US 85. US 85 and SH 115 are concurrent between Lake Avenue and I-25. US 85 enters the city at Fountain and was signed at Venetucci Blvd, Lake Avenue, and Nevada Avenue[e] at various points in history; however most of US 85 is concurrent with I-25 and is not signed.

County and city roads

[edit]

In November 2015, voters in Colorado Springs overwhelmingly passed ballot measure 2C, dedicating funds from a temporary sales tax increase to much needed road and infrastructure improvements over five years. This temporary increase is estimated to bring in approximately $50 million annually, which will be used solely to improve roads and infrastructure. The ballot measure passed by a margin of approximately 65–35%.[195]

In 2004, the voters of Colorado Springs and El Paso County established the Pikes Peak Rural Transportation Authority.[196]

In early 2010, the city of Colorado Springs approved an expansion of the northernmost part of Powers Boulevard to create an Interstate 25 bypass commonly referred to as the Copper Ridge Expansion.[197][f]

Airport

[edit]

Colorado Springs Airport (COS; ICAO: KCOS) has been in operation since 1925. It is the second-largest commercial airport in the state, after Denver International Airport (DEN; ICAO: KDEN). It covers 7,200 acres (2,900 ha) of land at an elevation of approximately 6,200 feet (1,900 m). COS is considered to be a joint-use civilian and military airport, as Peterson Space Force Base is a tenant of the airport.[199] It has three paved runways: 17L/35R is 13,501 by 150 feet (4,115 by 46 m), the runway 17R/35L is 11,022 by 150 feet (3,360 by 46 m) and the runway 13/31 is 8,270 by 150 feet (2,521 by 46 m).[200] The airport handled 2,134,618 passengers in 2022,[201] and is served by American, Avelo, Delta, Southwest, Sun Country, and United.[202]

Railroads

[edit]

Freight service is provided by Union Pacific and BNSF.

Once an important hub, the city was once served by four Class 1 railroads, as well as a number of smaller operators, some of which were narrow gauge,[203] and an extensive streetcar system, the Colorado Springs and Interurban Railway.

Currently there is no intercity passenger service; the last remaining services connecting the Front Range cities ceased with the formation of Amtrak in 1971.[g] Front Range Passenger Rail is a current proposal (as of 2023) to link the cities from Pueblo in the south, north to Fort Collins and possibly Cheyenne, Wyoming.[204]

Bicycling

[edit]

As of 2017, Colorado Springs has 121 miles of bike lanes and 82 miles of paved trails.[205] PikeRide is a local electric bike-share program that operates in urban core, Old Colorado City, and Manitou Springs.

In April 2018, the Colorado Springs City Council approved a Bike Master Plan.[206] The vision of the city's Bike Master Plan is "a healthy and vibrant Colorado Springs where bicycling is one of many transportation options for a large portion of the population, and where a well-connected and well-maintained network of urban trails, single-track, and on-street infrastructure offers a bicycling experience for present and future generations that is safe, convenient, and fun for getting around, getting in shape, or getting away."

Bike lanes in Colorado Springs have not been deployed without controversy. According to The Gazette, their readers "have mixed feelings for new bike lanes."[207] In December 2016, the City removed a bike lane along Research Parkway due to overwhelming opposition; an online survey found that 80.5% of respondents opposed the bike lane.[208] The Gazette has stated that since the Bike Master Plan was adopted by city council, "no issue has elicited more argument in The Gazette pages," and due to this immense public interest, on February 25, 2019, The Gazette hosted a town hall meeting called "Battle of the Bike Lanes".[209][210]

Walkability

[edit]

A 2011 study by Walk Score ranked Colorado Springs 34th most walkable of fifty largest U.S. cities.[211]

A Metro bus arrives at a stop on Colorado Avenue.

Buses

[edit]
Main article: Mountain Metropolitan Transit

Mountain Metropolitan Transit (commonly referred to as MMT) is the primary public transportation provider for the Colorado Springs metropolitan region. MMT operates thirty-four bus routes, providing service for Colorado Springs, Manitou Springs, and Security-Widefield. The Downtown Terminal is the system's main hub, with the Citadel Mall, PPSC, and Chapel Hills Mall acting as secondary transfer stations.

Mountain Metro Mobility is an Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) federally mandated complementary ADA paratransit service, which provides demand-response service for individuals with mobility needs that prevent them from using the fixed-route bus system.[212][213]

Intercity bus service is available through the state-ran Bustang service and Greyhound. Bustang runs frequent trips to Denver, and daily trips to Lamar via Pueblo.

Neighborhoods and Historic Places

[edit]
  • Anderosa Neighborhood
  • Banning Lewis Ranch Neighborhood
  • Black Forest Neighborhood
  • Boulder Crescent Place Historic District
  • Briargate Neighborhood
  • Broadmoor Neighborhood
  • Broadmoor Bluffs Neighborhood
  • Broadmoor Hills Neighborhood
  • Broadmoor Oaks Neighborhood
  • Cheyenne Hills Neighborhood
  • Cimarron Hills Neighborhood
  • Clearview Estates Neighborhood
  • Colorado Centre Neighborhood
  • Columbine Estates Neighborhood
  • Cragmor Neighborhood
  • Deerfield Hills Neighborhood
  • Discovery Neighborhood
  • Divine Redeemer Neighborhood
  • Downtown
  • Eastborough Neighborhood
  • Falcon Estates Neighborhood
  • Fountain Valley Ranch Neighborhood
  • Garden Ranch Neighborhood
  • Gateway Park Neighborhood
  • Gleneagle Neighborhood
  • Historic Uptown Neighborhood
  • Holland Park Neighborhood
  • Indian Heights Neighborhood
  • Interquest Neighborhood
  • Ivywild Neighborhood
  • Kettle Creek Neighborhood
  • Kissing Camels Neighborhood
  • Knob Hill Neighborhood
  • Lowell Neighborhood
  • Manitou Springs
  • Mesa Neighborhood
  • Middle Creek Neighborhood
  • Middle Shooks Run Neighborhood
  • Mountain Shadows Neighborhood
  • Northgate Neighborhood
  • Norwood Neighborhood
  • Oak Hills Neighborhood
  • Oak Valley Ranch Neighborhood
  • Old Colorado City
  • Old Farm Neighborhood
  • Old North End Historic District
  • Park Hill Neighborhood
  • Patty Jewett Neighborhood
  • Papeton/Venetian Village Neighborhood
  • Peregrine Neighborhood
  • Pheasant Run Ranch Neighborhood
  • Pikes Peak Park Neighborhood
  • Pikeview/Pinecliff Neighborhood
  • Pine Creek Neighborhood
  • Pinon Valley Neighborhood
  • Pulpit Rock Neighborhood
  • Ridgeview Neighborhood
  • Rockrimmon Neighborhood
  • Roswell Neighborhood
  • Rustic Hills Neighborhood
  • Security
  • Shooks Run Neighborhood
  • Southborough Neighborhood
  • Stetson Hills Neighborhood
  • Spring Creek Neighborhood
  • Springs Ranch Neighborhood
  • Stratmoor Hills Neighborhood
  • Stratmoor Valley Neighborhood
  • Stratton Meadows Neighborhood
  • Sundown Neighborhood
  • Trailridge Neighborhood
  • Wagon Trails Neighborhood
  • Weber-Wahsatch Historic District
  • Widefield
  • Wolf Ranch Neighborhood
  • Venetian Village Neighborhood
  • Villa Loma Neighborhood
  • Village Seven Neighborhood

See also National Register of Historic Places in Colorado Springs, Colorado

Notable people

[edit]
Main article: List of people from Colorado Springs, Colorado

Sister cities

[edit]
See also: List of sister cities in Colorado
Bishkek mayor Arstanbek Nogoev presents a gift for Colorado Springs mayor Lionel Rivera to a US airman at Manas Air Base, in a ceremony aimed at reviving ties between the two sister cities.[214]

Colorado Springs' sister cities are:[215]

Suspended sistership

Colorado Springs's sister city organization began when it became partners with Fujiyoshida. The torii gate erected to commemorate the relationship stands at the corner of Bijou Street and Nevada Avenue, and is one of the city's most recognizable landmarks. The torii gate, crisscrossed bridge and shrine, in the median between Platte and Bijou Streets downtown, were a gift to Colorado Springs, erected in 1966 by the Rotary Club of Colorado Springs to celebrate the friendship between the two communities. A plaque near the torii gate states that "the purpose of the sister city relationship is to promote understanding between the people of our two countries and cities". The Fujiyoshida Student exchange program has become an annual event.[217]

In 2006 and 2010, the Bankstown TAP (Talent Advancement Program) performed with the Youth Symphony and the Colorado Springs Children's Chorale as part of the annual "In Harmony" program.[217] A notable similarity between Colorado Springs and its sister cities is their geographic positions: three of the seven cities are near the foot of a major mountain or mountain range, as is Colorado Springs.[218]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
  2. ^ As of the census[60] of 2000 (limited only to the city limits and not including the very diverse Fort Carson area which many view as being a part of the Colorado Springs metropolitan area), there were 360,890 people, 141,516 households, and 93,117 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,942.9 inhabitants per square mile (750.2/km2). There were 148,690 housing units at an average density of 800.5 units per square mile (309.1 units/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 80.7% White, 6.6% African American, 0.9% Native American, 2.8% Asian, 0.2% Pacific Islander, 5.0% from other races, and 3.9% from two or more races. 12.0% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were 141,516 households, out of which 34.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.5% were married couples living together, 10.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.2% were non-families. 27.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.50 and the average family size was 3.06. In the city, the population was spread out, with 26.5% under the age of 18, 10.3% from 18 to 24, 32.8% from 25 to 44, 20.8% from 45 to 64, and 9.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.2 males. (Note: City statistics do not include the demographic influence of five local military bases). The median income for a household in the city was $45,081, and the median income for a family was $53,478. Males had a median income of $36,786 versus $26,427 for females. The per capita income for the city was $22,496. About 6.1% of families and 8.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.8% of those under age 18 and 7.2% of those age 65 or over.
  3. ^ Political leaders in Colorado plan to ask President Biden's administration to review the merits of the decision.[66] Huntsville also has to pass an environmental review before the decision is final.[67] Air Force documents show Alabama ranked higher than Colorado in 11 of 21 comparisons used by the government in seeking the best site for the new U.S. Space Command's permanent headquarters. In the Space Command headquarters comparison, Alabama ranks in top third in nine of the 21 categories. Colorado ranks in the top third in five categories. Alabama ranks in bottom third in three of the 21 categories and Colorado ranks in bottom third in 10 of the 21 categories.[68]
  4. ^ To combat congestion the Colorado Department of Transportation widened the Interstate 25 corridor throughout the city from four lanes (two in each direction) to six lanes in a program called COSMIX. Ultimately, the plan is to make the interstate eight lanes through the city when funding becomes available.[191] Work has been completed to expand Interstate 25 from 4 to 6 lanes between Woodmen Road (exit 149, the northern terminus for the COSMIX project) and Monument (exit 161).[192][193]
  5. ^ In addition, there were plans to develop a "Front Range Toll Road", a privately owned turnpike, which would begin south of Pueblo and end around Fort Collins. This toll road would allow rail and truck traffic to avoid the more highly traveled parts of I-25 along the Front Range. Initially, the project had support but has since been highly contested because of the need to condemn the land of many private citizens, through the use of eminent domain, to make room for the corridor.[194]
  6. ^ The project developers also have hopes of increasing business at the future I-25 Powers Boulevard connection by building a 2.8 million cu ft (79 thousand m3) shopping mall on the East side of the Powers exit.[197] Developers hope to have the project finished by 2013, but have a deadline of 2018.[198]
  7. ^ The last scheduled passenger service to Colorado Springs was the Denver to Dallas Texas Zephyr, which was cancelled on September 11, 1967.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Colorado Counties". State of Colorado, Colorado Department of Local Affairs, Division of Local Government. Archived from the original on April 27, 2021. Retrieved January 25, 2021.
  2. ^ "Olympic City USA". City of Colorado Springs. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved June 1, 2017.
  3. ^ "Summer in the Springs". City of Colorado Springs. Retrieved June 1, 2017.[permanent dead link‍]
  4. ^ "Best of the Springs". The Gazette. Colorado Springs. January 29, 2016. Archived from the original on January 13, 2017. Retrieved June 1, 2017.
  5. ^ "Colorado Municipal Incorporations". State of Colorado, Department of Personnel & Administration, Colorado State Archives. December 14, 2008. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved September 2, 2007.
  6. ^ a b "Active Colorado Municipalities". Colorado Department of Local Affairs. Archived from the original on December 12, 2009. Retrieved October 16, 2021.
  7. ^ "Yemi Mobolade sworn in as Colorado Springs' new mayor". Colorado Public Radio. June 6, 2023. Retrieved April 9, 2024.
  8. ^ a b c d e "QuickFacts Colorado Springs city, Colorado; United States". United States Census Bureau, United States Department of Commerce. August 12, 2021. Retrieved September 12, 2021.
  9. ^ a b c U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Colorado Springs, Colorado
  10. ^ "Total Gross Domestic Product for Colorado Springs, CO (MSA)". Federal Reserve Economic Data. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis.
  11. ^ "ZIP Code Lookup". United States Postal Service. Archived from the original (JavaScript/HTML) on September 3, 2007. Retrieved September 7, 2007.
  12. ^ "2020 Population and Housing State Data". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on August 24, 2021. Retrieved August 22, 2021.
  13. ^ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places of 50,000 or More, Ranked by July 1, 2018 Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2018". United States Census Bureau, Population Division. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved May 23, 2019.
  14. ^ "Colorado Springs History and Heritage". Visit Colorado Springs. Archived from the original on May 10, 2013. Retrieved May 24, 2013.
  15. ^ "El Paso County". History Colorado. Archived from the original on December 4, 2013. Platted by his Colorado Springs Company in 1876 [sic] Manitou Springs retains its winding roads, spa, and many of its grand hotels and residences. Of the approximately 1001 buildings, 752 are considered to be contributing... Miramont Castle...housed a sanitarium operated by the Sisters of Mercy.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) (in 1916, the Sisters of Mercy operated the Montcalm Sanitarium).
  16. ^ Smiley, Jerome Constant (1913). Semi-centennial History of the State of Colorado. Brookhaven Press. pp. 367–369. ISBN 978-1-4035-0045-8. Archived from the original on August 2, 2023. Retrieved May 13, 2020.
  17. ^ The Rocky Mountain Region edited by Rick Newby pg. 108
  18. ^ Harrison, Deborah (2012). Manitou Springs. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 9780738595962. Archived from the original on August 2, 2023. Retrieved February 27, 2014.
  19. ^ "Downtown Historic Survey". City of Colorado Springs. Archived from the original on February 3, 2015. Retrieved February 27, 2014.
  20. ^ Capace, Nancy (March 1, 1999). Encyclopedia of Colorado (Google books). North American Book Dist LLC. p. 173. ISBN 978-0-403-09813-2. Retrieved May 23, 2013.
  21. ^ a b c d "annexdata.xls" (spreadsheet). SpringsGov.com. Archived from the original (XLS) on November 12, 2013. Retrieved October 27, 2013.
  22. ^ a b Directory of Colorado Springs (PDF) (almanac), The Out West Printing and Stationery Co., 1898, archived from the original (PDF) on November 12, 2013, retrieved November 5, 2013, SANATARIUMS ... St. Francis Hospital—On Institute Heights, east end of Pike's Peak avenue, near Knob Hill street car line ... Pike's Peak Camp, No. 5 (Pacific jurisdiction)--Meets in K. of P. Hall every Tuesday evening
  23. ^ "Colorado's Mining Craze" (PDF). The New York Times. December 2, 1895. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 27, 2021. Retrieved November 12, 2013.
  24. ^ Report of the Commission on the Colorado Springs Union Depot (available at PPLD Special Collections and the Colorado College Tutt Library)
  25. ^ a b Hartman, James Edward (June 28, 1996). Original Colorado Springs Municipal Airport (NRHP Inventory—Nomination Form). Contributing 4...Non-contributing 1 ... Nichols Field and the Pine Valley Air Strip were located on north Nevada Avenue. ... In 1942 the hangar was purchased by the City of Colorado Springs. The Air Force began leasing the [Broadmoor] hangar as a storage area in 1958. ... 1951 • Facility usage is re-leased to the Military (383 acres) for the 4600 Air Base Group (Jan.). ... 1966...The City of Colorado Springs renegotiates with Air Force total of 992 acres (until June 30, 2066).
  26. ^ a b c d e Roeder, Tom (October 18, 2021). "Colorado Springs at 150 years | The military's impact on growth and development". The Gazette. Archived from the original on April 1, 2022. Retrieved April 1, 2022.
  27. ^ Prinzo (c. 1945), [description of sites used by 2nd Photo Grp] (document with quotation)
  28. ^ Colorado Springs, Colorado City and Manitou City Directory. Vol. XIII. The R. L. Polk Directory Co. 1916. Pike's Peak Ocean-to-Occan Highway
  29. ^ Mueller, Robert (1989). "Active Air Force Bases Within the United States of America on 17 September 1982". Air Force Bases (Report). I. Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-53-6.
  30. ^ a b c d "North American Aerospace Defense Command > About NORAD > Cheyenne Mountain Air Force Station". North American Aerospace Defense Command. Archived from the original on March 23, 2022. Retrieved April 1, 2022.
  31. ^ Hellmann, Paul T (November 1, 2004). Historical Gazetteer of the United States (Google books). Taylor & Francis. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-203-99700-0. Archived from the original on August 2, 2023. Retrieved May 23, 2013.
  32. ^ Annual Report to Congress of the Federal Board for Vocational Education (Report). Archived from the original on August 2, 2023. Retrieved November 29, 2013.
  33. ^ Sydney Herdle – The Daily Collegian (September 21, 2016). "A guide to the major platforms of the Libertarian Party". psu.edu. Archived from the original on September 21, 2016. Retrieved September 23, 2016.
  34. ^ Beckman ·, Abigail (June 23, 2022). "Remembering the Waldo Canyon fire in Colorado Springs ten years later". Colorado Public Radio. Retrieved June 22, 2024.
  35. ^ "Waldo Canyon and Black Forest Fires - CSPM". www.cspm.org. Retrieved May 2, 2024.
  36. ^ a b "Colorado Springs – SKYbrary Aviation Safety". Archived from the original on January 31, 2021. Retrieved January 25, 2021.
  37. ^ a b "City of Colorado Springs – Drought". November 3, 2010. Archived from the original on December 1, 2010. Retrieved November 3, 2010.
  38. ^ "Distance between Denver, CO and Colorado Springs, CO". www.distance-cities.com. Archived from the original on February 2, 2020. Retrieved February 1, 2020.
  39. ^ "Colorado Climate Center – Climate of Colorado". Climate.colostate.edu. Archived from the original on July 3, 2012. Retrieved July 13, 2012.
  40. ^ "Colorado Springs, Colorado Climate". BestPlaces. Archived from the original on October 24, 2015. Retrieved October 28, 2015.
  41. ^ "Colorado sunshine is more myth than science". The Denver Post. January 3, 2012. Archived from the original on October 31, 2015. Retrieved October 28, 2015.
  42. ^ "New "water-wise" rules now in effect". Colorado Springs. January 22, 2020. Archived from the original on July 13, 2021. Retrieved July 13, 2021.
  43. ^ "Tesla, Life and Legacy". pbs.org. Archived from the original on July 7, 2017. Retrieved April 10, 2014.
  44. ^ "Colorado Springs". Climate-zone.com. Archived from the original on September 24, 2010. Retrieved September 15, 2010.
  45. ^ a b c d "NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on July 25, 2020. Retrieved September 3, 2019.
  46. ^ "Evolution of the North American Monsoon". DRI Desert Research Institute. Archived from the original on February 27, 2017. Retrieved February 27, 2017.
  47. ^ climateSpy.com. "Colorado Springs, CO climate in February". climatespy.com. Archived from the original on February 27, 2017. Retrieved February 27, 2017.
  48. ^ "Station Name: CO COLORADO SPRINGS MUNI AP". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on March 13, 2020. Retrieved March 13, 2019.
  49. ^ "Summary of Monthly Normals 1991–2020". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on February 21, 2022. Retrieved May 9, 2021.
  50. ^ "Monthly weather forecast and climate Colorado Springs, CO". Weather Atlas. Archived from the original on July 11, 2020. Retrieved July 9, 2020.
  51. ^ "Station Name: CO COLORADO SPRINGS MUNI AP". Weather Atlas. Archived from the original on July 11, 2020. Retrieved July 9, 2020.
  52. ^ Candelaria, Esteban (June 17, 2021). "Colorado Springs hits 100 degrees, marking milestone". Archived from the original on September 15, 2021. Retrieved September 15, 2021.
  53. ^ "P004: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2000: DEC Summary File 1 – Colorado Springs city, Colorado". United States Census Bureau.
  54. ^ "P2: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Colorado Springs city, Colorado". United States Census Bureau.
  55. ^ "P2: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Colorado Springs city, Colorado". United States Census Bureau.
  56. ^ Bureau, U.S. Census. "American FactFinder – Results". factfinder2.census.gov. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved April 5, 2020. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  57. ^ "Colorado Springs (city), Colorado". State & County QuickFacts. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on May 31, 2012.
  58. ^ "Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on August 12, 2012.
  59. ^ "Detailed tables". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved September 15, 2010.
  60. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  61. ^ "Databases, Tables & Calculators by Subject – Colorado Springs, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area". Bureau of Labor Statistics Data. September 5, 2022. Archived from the original on September 5, 2022. Retrieved September 5, 2022.
  62. ^ "Press Release: Colorado Employment Situation – June 2022 | Department of Labor & Employment". cdle.colorado.gov. Archived from the original on September 5, 2022. Retrieved September 5, 2022.
  63. ^ geosolinc.com (September 5, 2022). "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics". U.S. Gov. Archived from the original on May 8, 2019. Retrieved September 5, 2022.
  64. ^ a b c d Bitton, David (August 27, 2021). "New missions equal new names for Peterson, Schriever and Cheyenne Mountain military installations". The Gazette. Archived from the original on January 25, 2022. Retrieved April 1, 2022.
  65. ^ "US Space Command site to be located in Huntsville, Alabama". January 13, 2021. Archived from the original on August 2, 2023. Retrieved January 25, 2021.
  66. ^ "Chamber of Commerce and state officials fight to keep U.S. Space Command in Colorado Springs". January 22, 2021. Archived from the original on January 25, 2021. Retrieved January 25, 2021.
  67. ^ Jones, Dustin (January 13, 2021). "U.S. Space Command Headquarters May Land in Alabama". NPR. Archived from the original on January 25, 2021. Retrieved January 25, 2021.
  68. ^ "Opposition grows to putting Space Command HQ in Alabama". April 2, 2021. Archived from the original on April 21, 2021. Retrieved April 21, 2021.
  69. ^ "Colorado Springs Gazette". Archived from the original on January 8, 2008.
  70. ^ "Bluestaq-an-overnight-success-in-military-contracting". November 12, 2019. Archived from the original on March 24, 2021. Retrieved August 4, 2020.
  71. ^ Gazette, Colorado Springs (February 14, 2009). "Boeing adds jobs in Colorado Springs – The Denver Post". Archived from the original on February 27, 2017. Retrieved February 27, 2017.
  72. ^ "General Dynamics subsidiary shutters 60-person office in Colorado Springs". Colorado Springs Gazette. Archived from the original on February 28, 2017. Retrieved February 27, 2017.
  73. ^ "Harris Corp. helping small Colorado Springs defense contractor grow into bigger role". Colorado Springs Gazette. Archived from the original on February 27, 2017. Retrieved February 27, 2017.
  74. ^ "Moon Rock has Landed at Space Foundation Discovery Center in Colorado Springs". June 15, 2013. Archived from the original on September 21, 2020. Retrieved July 11, 2020.
  75. ^ "2006–2007 Southern Colorado Economic Forum Publication". p. 18. Archived from the original on May 14, 2008. Retrieved September 15, 2010.
  76. ^ SCEF – Southern Colorado Economic Forum Archived May 14, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  77. ^ "A barren Garden of the Gods". EETimes.com. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved October 5, 2009.
  78. ^ Heilman, Wayne (July 18, 2008). "Colorado jobless rate at its highest since 2005 | percent, rate, colorado". Colorado Springs Gazette. Archived from the original on October 7, 2008. Retrieved October 5, 2009.
  79. ^ Heilman, Wayne (August 30, 2008). "Manufacturing, tech jobs slipping away from Springs | manufacturing, springs, technology". Colorado Springs Gazette. Archived from the original on September 7, 2008. Retrieved October 5, 2009.
  80. ^ Snouwaert, Jessica (September 15, 2022). "Colorado Springs, Colo., Stands to Gain ISP Choices Soon". GovTech Today. govtech.com. Tribune Content Agency, LLC. The Gazette (Colorado Springs, Colo.). Retrieved September 2, 2023.
  81. ^ Laden, Rich (June 20, 2008). "HP plans to open centers in Arkansas, New Mexico| springs, colorado, new". Colorado Springs Gazette. Archived from the original on February 17, 2009. Retrieved October 5, 2009.
  82. ^ Heilman, Wayne (June 25, 2008). "HP to 800 Springs workers: Move to New Mexico or lose jobs | center, springs, employees". Colorado Springs Gazette. Archived from the original on October 11, 2008. Retrieved October 5, 2009.
  83. ^ Heilman, Wayne (June 27, 2008). "HP to IT workers: Move to Fort Collins or lose job | move, workers, employees". Colorado Springs Gazette. Retrieved October 5, 2009. [permanent dead link‍]
  84. ^ "SNIA | Advancing Storage and Information Technology". www.snia.org. Archived from the original on May 30, 2022. Retrieved March 8, 2017.
  85. ^ Drake, Michele. "Agilent Technologies Spins Off Its Electronic Measurement Business, Keysight Technologies". Agilent Technologies, Inc. Archived from the original on April 12, 2021. Retrieved April 12, 2021.
  86. ^ "Agilents shares soar on first day". Money. November 18, 1999. Retrieved February 1, 2020.
  87. ^ Heilman, Wayne (July 28, 2008). "1,000 Intel workers will get job-hunting help | intel, help, workers". Colorado Springs Gazette. Archived from the original on August 9, 2008. Retrieved October 5, 2009.
  88. ^ "Comprehensive Annual Financial Report for the year ended December 31, 2010" (PDF). Budget Administration, Finance Division El Paso County, Colorado. 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 27, 2021. Retrieved November 30, 2021.
  89. ^ Wayne Heilman (December 15, 2008). "Atmel lays off 245 employees in Springs | atmel, employees, company". Colorado Springs Gazette. Retrieved October 5, 2009. [permanent dead link‍]
  90. ^ [1] [dead link‍]
  91. ^ "DOLA Planning and Management Region 4 Socioeconomic Profile" (PDF). State Demography Office. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 7, 2019.
  92. ^ Longwoods Staff (June 1, 2019). "Longwoods Travel Research – Pikes Peak Region".
  93. ^ a b "Colorado Springs Vacation & Tourism Information – Colorado Springs Colorado". Visitcos.com. Archived from the original on April 28, 2021. Retrieved August 31, 2012.
  94. ^ Leslie Weddell (May 21, 2000), "There's more to Colorado Springs than just that beautiful mountain", The Gazette, Colorado Springs
  95. ^ Rich, Laden. "Olympic Museum now slated for 2020 opening". The Gazette. Archived from the original on April 27, 2021. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
  96. ^ Stanton, Billie (June 29, 2019). "Flying W Ranch to soar once more in Colorado Springs". The Gazette. Archived from the original on February 21, 2020. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
  97. ^ "Officials Break Ground on New Pikes Peak Summit Complex". GE Johnson Construction Company. Archived from the original on September 19, 2020. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
  98. ^ Evan Ochsner (July 2, 2021). "Updated Cog Railway and new summit house officially open at Pikes Peak". The Gazette. Colorado Springs. Archived from the original on July 10, 2021. Retrieved July 10, 2021.
  99. ^ Culture Office of the Pikes Peak Region Overview Archived August 31, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
  100. ^ "The Colorado Springs Convention & Visitors Bureau". Visit Colorado Springs. Archived from the original on September 21, 2021. Retrieved February 17, 2021.
  101. ^ "GalaxyFest". GalaxyFest. Archived from the original on February 16, 2019. Retrieved February 15, 2019.
  102. ^ "Colorado Springs PrideFest". Colorado Springs PrideFest. Archived from the original on February 9, 2019. Retrieved February 7, 2019.
  103. ^ Greek Festival, archived from the original on February 9, 2019, retrieved February 7, 2019
  104. ^ The Pikes Peak Ascent and Marathon, archived from the original on December 15, 2018, retrieved February 7, 2019
  105. ^ Steers and Beers Whiskey and Beer Festival, archived from the original on February 9, 2019, retrieved February 7, 2019
  106. ^ Emma Crawford Coffin Races and Festival, archived from the original on February 9, 2019, retrieved February 7, 2019
  107. ^ Arts Month, archived from the original on February 8, 2019, retrieved February 7, 2019
  108. ^ "Colorado Springs Festival of Lights". The Colorado Springs Festival of Lights. Archived from the original on February 9, 2019. Retrieved February 7, 2019.
  109. ^ Hancock, A. (December 6, 2019). "Festival of Lights Parade to be bigger than ever; 50,000 expected in downtown Colorado Springs". The Gazette. Archived from the original on October 11, 2020. Retrieved June 20, 2020.
  110. ^ Mapped & Ranked: The States with the Most Craft Breweries in 2017, October 10, 2018, archived from the original on October 20, 2019, retrieved February 7, 2019
  111. ^ A map of Colorado Springs area breweries, distilleries, wineries and cider products, Colorado Springs Independent, retrieved February 7, 2019 [permanent dead link‍]
  112. ^ Colorado Springs Breweries, Colorado Brewery List, archived from the original on March 1, 2019, retrieved February 7, 2019
  113. ^ Ridgeway, James (January 15, 2010). "Day eight Sunday morning in the 'evangelical Vatican'". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on September 3, 2013. Retrieved April 30, 2010.
  114. ^ Contact ASCI Archived August 27, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
  115. ^ "Biblica – The International Bible Society". biblica.com. May 13, 2016. Archived from the original on May 9, 2012. Retrieved August 23, 2013.
  116. ^ "Contact us – Children's Hopechest". hopechest.org. Archived from the original on September 1, 2013. Retrieved August 23, 2013.
  117. ^ "Community Bible Study". Archived from the original on August 25, 2013. Retrieved August 24, 2013.
  118. ^ "Contact Compassion International". compassion.com. Archived from the original on August 25, 2013. Retrieved August 23, 2013.
  119. ^ "About David C. Cook". Archived from the original on September 7, 2013. Retrieved August 24, 2013.
  120. ^ "Development Associates International – Promoting Servant Leadership". DAI. Archived from the original on December 12, 1998. Retrieved August 23, 2013.
  121. ^ "eMi – Contact Us". emiusa.org. Archived from the original on September 7, 2013. Retrieved August 23, 2013.
  122. ^ "Dr. James Dobson's Family Talk". drjamesdobson.org. Archived from the original on August 10, 2013. Retrieved August 24, 2013.
  123. ^ "How do I contact Focus on the Family?". custhelp.com. Archived from the original on December 9, 2013. Retrieved August 24, 2013.
  124. ^ "Home". Global Action. Archived from the original on June 4, 2013. Retrieved August 23, 2013.
  125. ^ "Reach Beyond". hcjb.org. Archived from the original on July 27, 2013. Retrieved August 24, 2013.
  126. ^ "Hope & Home – Foster Care Colorado Springs". Hope & Home – Foster Care Colorado Springs. Archived from the original on August 26, 2013. Retrieved August 23, 2013.
  127. ^ "Making Disciples: Using Everything I Have – The Navigators". navigators.org. January 25, 2016. Archived from the original on August 22, 2013. Retrieved August 24, 2013.
  128. ^ "One Child Matters". onechildmatters.org. Archived from the original on August 24, 2013. Retrieved August 23, 2013.
  129. ^ "Home – Diocese of Colorado Springs". diocs.org. Archived from the original on February 27, 2019. Retrieved August 24, 2013.
  130. ^ "Products Archive – VisionTrust". VisionTrust. Archived from the original on August 29, 2012. Retrieved August 23, 2013.
  131. ^ "WAY Media Network Services". WAY Media Network Services. Archived from the original on September 5, 2013. Retrieved August 23, 2013.
  132. ^ Contact Young Life Archived August 20, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
  133. ^ Martinez, Michael (December 28, 2013). "10 things to know about Colorado's recreational marijuana shops – CNN". CNN. Archived from the original on March 29, 2016. Retrieved April 1, 2016.
  134. ^ "Pot may be legal in Colorado, but it can't be purchased in most large cities" Archived April 10, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, Tacoma News Tribune, March 16, 2016.
  135. ^ "Medical marijuana industry still growing in Colorado Business comparison El Paso County Medical Society policy statement on marijuana use". Op/Ed. The Gazette. Archived from the original on April 7, 2016. Retrieved April 1, 2016.
  136. ^ "Inside a wild week in weed for Colorado Springs". The Cannabist. July 27, 2017. Archived from the original on April 28, 2018. Retrieved March 4, 2018.
  137. ^ "The Economic Impact of Allowing Retail Marijuana Establishments in Colorado Springs" (PDF). Daniels School of Business, University of Denver. Miller Chair of Applied Economics. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 28, 2018 – via documentcloud.org.
  138. ^ "MED Licensed Medical Marijuana Centers as of March 1, 2018" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2018. Retrieved March 4, 2018.
  139. ^ Fuego, Herbert (January 29, 2019). "Ask a Stoner: How Many Towns in Colorado Still Ban Weed Sales?". Westword. Archived from the original on August 4, 2020. Retrieved November 18, 2019.
  140. ^ "26 Things People From Colorado Springs Have To Explain To Out-Of-Towners". Movoto. Retrieved October 14, 2016.
  141. ^ "Video: North Korea threatens to strike Colorado Springs but doesn't know where it is". The Washington Post. April 12, 2013. Archived from the original on May 4, 2013. Retrieved May 8, 2013.
  142. ^ "Olympic City USA | Colorado Springs". coloradosprings.gov. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved October 14, 2016.
  143. ^ "Colorado Springs Sports Industry Competitive Advantages" (PDF). Colorado Springs Business Alliance. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 12, 2015. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  144. ^ "Team USA". Team USA Home. Archived from the original on February 23, 2016. Retrieved February 23, 2016.
  145. ^ "What is the PPIHC?". Pikes Peak International Hill Climb. Archived from the original on November 27, 2019. Retrieved November 27, 2019.
  146. ^ "Paving completed on Pike's Peak road, 13 years after Sierra Club suit". The Denver Post. September 30, 2011. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved April 1, 2016.
  147. ^ "City of Colorado Springs Parks Department Unanimously Approves Sand Creek Stadium Renaming to Switchbacks Stadium". March 7, 2016. Archived from the original on May 3, 2016. Retrieved August 20, 2016.
  148. ^ "New Name on Tap for Colorado Springs Pioneer League Team". Ballpark Digest. June 13, 2018. Archived from the original on June 14, 2018. Retrieved June 14, 2018.
  149. ^ "goairforcefalcons.com". goairforcefalcons.com. Air Force Academy Athletics Official Athletic Site – Football. Archived from the original on October 12, 2016. Retrieved October 14, 2016.
  150. ^ "Varsity Athletics • Colorado College". coloradocollege.edu. Archived from the original on October 18, 2016. Retrieved October 14, 2016.
  151. ^ "Professional Bull Riders – PBR National Headquarters move to Pueblo, Colorado". Professional Bull Riders. Archived from the original on January 19, 2019. Retrieved April 27, 2018.
  152. ^ "Parks, Trails and Open Spaces". City of Colorado Springs. Archived from the original on July 25, 2013. Retrieved May 23, 2013.
  153. ^ Colorado historical marker, Interstate 25, Colorado Springs, Colorado
  154. ^ "Garden of the Gods Park". City of Colorado Springs. Archived from the original on January 17, 2020. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
  155. ^ "Starlight Spectacular". coloradosprings.gov. May 18, 2017. Archived from the original on January 19, 2018. Retrieved December 22, 2018.
  156. ^ "Community Parks". City of Colorado Springs. Archived from the original on April 28, 2013. Retrieved May 22, 2013.
  157. ^ "Used Spring 33 Years Ago". Colorado Springs Gazette. December 26, 1904. p. 5.
  158. ^ "New Pavilion at Tahama Spring" (PDF). Sunday Gazette and Telegraph. May 16, 1926. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 21, 2018. Retrieved October 20, 2018.
  159. ^ "Parks and Recreation – El Paso County Community Services". Communityservices.elpasoco.com. Archived from the original on January 15, 2020. Retrieved November 22, 2021.
  160. ^ Recommended Trees for Colorado Front Range Communities Archived July 13, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, p. 11, s.v. Ponderosa pine
  161. ^ Kaufmann, M. R.; Huckaby, L. S.; Gleason, P., (2000), Ponderosa pine in the Colorado Front Range: long historical fire and tree recruitment intervals and a case for landscape heterogeneity. In: Neuenschwander, Leon F.; Ryan, Kevin C., tech. eds. Proceedings from the Joint Fire Science Conference and Workshop: Crossing the Millennium: Integrating spatial technologies and ecological principles for a new age in fire management; Boise, Idaho, June 15–17, 1999. Moscow, Idaho: University of Idaho: 153–160.
  162. ^ Colorado State University (Fact Sheet) Archived September 13, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, Gambel oak (Quercus gambelii)
  163. ^ Low-Water Native Plants for Colorado Gardens: Front Range and Foothills Archived January 18, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, p. 14
  164. ^ USDA (United States Department of Agriculture) Archived July 14, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, Yucca angustissima Engelm. ex Trel.
  165. ^ Low-Water Native Plants for Colorado Gardens: Front Range and Foothills Archived January 18, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, p. 14
  166. ^ "Trails and hking in Colorado Springs". City of Colorado Springs. Archived from the original on May 17, 2013. Retrieved May 23, 2013.
  167. ^ "Pikes Peak Greenway Trail". City of Colorado Springs. Archived from the original on August 22, 2013. Retrieved May 22, 2013.
  168. ^ "Pikes Peak Greenway Trail Map, and its submaps". City of Colorado Springs. Archived from the original on January 31, 2013. Retrieved May 22, 2013.
  169. ^ "Mayor-Council Form of Government". Archived from the original on December 22, 2015.
  170. ^ "1904 – Colorado Springs City Hall – Colorado Springs, CO – Dated Buildings and Cornerstones on". Waymarking.com. December 5, 2009. Archived from the original on June 17, 2013. Retrieved May 8, 2013.
  171. ^ "City Council Members". Archived from the original on January 18, 2021. Retrieved January 14, 2021.
  172. ^ a b Hannan, Caleb (June 30, 2017). "The Short, Unhappy Life of a Libertarian Paradise". Politico. Archived from the original on April 28, 2020. Retrieved May 13, 2020.
  173. ^ Woodruff, Chase (May 2, 2023). "How tectonic political shifts could spell an upset in Colorado Springs mayor's race". Colorado Newsline. Archived from the original on June 10, 2023. Retrieved June 22, 2023.
  174. ^ Luning, Ernest (May 17, 2023). "Yemi Mobolade's victory marks seismic shift in Colorado Springs: Analysis". Colorado Springs Gazette. Archived from the original on June 22, 2023. Retrieved June 22, 2023.
  175. ^ "School Listing". Unified Catholic Schools – Diocese of Colorado Springs. Archived from the original on September 26, 2018. Retrieved June 18, 2022.
  176. ^ "St. Mary's High School". www.smpirates.org. Archived from the original on June 27, 2022. Retrieved June 18, 2022.
  177. ^ "Fountain Valley School of Colorado". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on June 18, 2022. Retrieved June 18, 2022.
  178. ^ "The Colorado Springs School homepage". Archived from the original on October 27, 2009. Retrieved September 15, 2010.
  179. ^ "The Colorado Springs School". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on June 18, 2022. Retrieved June 18, 2022.
  180. ^ Rabey, Steve (May 1, 2022). "Colorado Springs Christian Schools celebrates 50 years". Colorado Springs Gazette. Archived from the original on May 28, 2022. Retrieved June 11, 2022.
  181. ^ "Colorado Springs Christian Schools". www.cscslions.org. Archived from the original on June 24, 2022. Retrieved June 18, 2022.
  182. ^ "About ECA | Evangelical Christian Academy". Archived from the original on May 17, 2022. Retrieved June 18, 2022.
  183. ^ "About – Pikes Peak Christian School". www.ppcseagles.org. Archived from the original on March 31, 2022. Retrieved June 18, 2022.
  184. ^ "Pikes Peak Christian School". Archived from the original on June 18, 2022. Retrieved June 18, 2022.
  185. ^ "The Colorado School for the Deaf and the Blind – CSPM". www.cspm.org. Archived from the original on February 13, 2023. Retrieved June 18, 2022.
  186. ^ "Home | UCCS". www.uccs.edu. Archived from the original on September 16, 2022. Retrieved September 16, 2022.
  187. ^ "About | Pikes Peak State College". www.pikespeak.edu. Archived from the original on September 20, 2022. Retrieved September 17, 2022.
  188. ^ "About". United States Air Force Academy. Archived from the original on September 20, 2022. Retrieved September 17, 2022.
  189. ^ "Colorado College". US News & World Report. Archived from the original on September 17, 2022. Retrieved September 17, 2022.
  190. ^ "Colorado Springs Center". www.ccu.edu. Archived from the original on September 20, 2022. Retrieved September 17, 2022.
  191. ^ "Litter Removal Program". Colorado Department of Transportation's (CDOT). Archived from the original on January 14, 2010. Retrieved September 15, 2010.
  192. ^ "I-25 North Design Build (Colorado Springs) – CDOT". Coloradodot.info. Archived from the original on January 26, 2013. Retrieved January 19, 2013.
  193. ^ Zubeck, Pam (December 29, 2012). "I-25 widening project coming soon | IndyBlog". Csindy.com. Archived from the original on January 3, 2013. Retrieved January 19, 2013.
  194. ^ "?". Archived from the original on March 3, 2014.
  195. ^ "El Paso County Clerk and Recorder". 2015 Coordinated Election Results. Archived from the original on December 16, 2015. Retrieved February 10, 2016.
  196. ^ "PPRTA Homepage". Pprta.com. September 28, 2009. Archived from the original on August 27, 2009. Retrieved October 5, 2009.
  197. ^ a b Sealover, Ed (February 3, 2011). "For the love of a road; Colorado Springs Independent, The (Colorado Springs)". csindy.com. Archived from the original on July 8, 2011. Retrieved February 9, 2011.
  198. ^ Sealover, Ed (May 13, 2010). "Copper Ridge takes a step; Colorado Springs Independent, The (Colorado Springs) | Find Articles". csindy.com. Archived from the original on July 8, 2011. Retrieved February 9, 2011.
  199. ^ "About the Airport". FLY COS. October 9, 2015. Archived from the original on May 5, 2019. Retrieved May 5, 2019.
  200. ^ "AirportIQ 5010". AirportIQ 5010. Archived from the original on February 3, 2019. Retrieved May 5, 2019.
  201. ^ "Colorado Springs Airport sees highest enplanements in 22 Years | City of Colorado Springs". coloradosprings.gov. Retrieved September 14, 2023.
  202. ^ "Nonstop Route Map | City of Colorado Springs". coloradosprings.gov. Retrieved September 14, 2023.
  203. ^ Ormes, R.M. Tracking Ghost Railroads in Colorado, Century One Press 1975
  204. ^ Heins, Nicole (April 13, 2021). "Amtrak hopes to reduce I-25 traffic by creating a passenger rail along the Front Range". KKTV 11 News. Retrieved January 1, 2022.
  205. ^ "State of Bicycling in Colorado Springs Report" (PDF). Retrieved October 17, 2024.
  206. ^ Bike Master Plan, City of Colorado Springs, July 27, 2016, archived from the original on March 6, 2019, retrieved February 26, 2019
  207. ^ Bike Master Plan, City of Colorado Springs, September 20, 2018, archived from the original on March 6, 2019, retrieved February 26, 2019
  208. ^ "Colorado Springs terminating disputed bike lane project", The Gazette, December 22, 2016, archived from the original on March 6, 2019, retrieved February 26, 2019
  209. ^ "Battle of the Bike Lanes in Colorado Springs: A Community Conversation", The Gazette, February 19, 2019, archived from the original on March 6, 2019, retrieved February 26, 2019
  210. ^ WATCH: Battle of the bike lanes in Colorado Springs, a community conversation, KKTV, February 15, 2019, archived from the original on February 21, 2019, retrieved February 26, 2019
  211. ^ "2011 City and Neighborhood Rankings". Walk Score. 2011. Archived from the original on August 4, 2012. Retrieved August 28, 2011.
  212. ^ "Mountain Metro Mobility". Colorado Springs. February 27, 2014. Archived from the original on May 27, 2020. Retrieved May 25, 2020.
  213. ^ "Colorado's Mountain Metropolitan Transit Wins Transit Agency Of The Year". Colorado Springs, CO Patch. October 29, 2019. Archived from the original on November 5, 2019. Retrieved May 25, 2020.
  214. ^ Nathaniel, Daniel (March 19, 2007). "Manas Airmen reunite sister cities Bishkek, Colorado Springs". Air Force Link. United States: Department of Defense. Archived from the original on October 11, 2007. Retrieved October 18, 2007.
  215. ^ "Colorado Springs Sister Cities International". coloradosprings.gov. City of Colorado Springs. Archived from the original on September 18, 2024. Retrieved October 24, 2024.
  216. ^ "Colorado Springs Suspends Sister City Partnership With Russian City". CBS News. March 7, 2022. Archived from the original on March 26, 2023. Retrieved July 13, 2023.
  217. ^ a b "TOMODACHI NAJAS Grassroots Exchange ProgramーColorado Springs and Fujiyoshida". TOMODACHI. Archived from the original on January 5, 2020. Retrieved April 19, 2020.
  218. ^ "City of Colorado Springs – Topic Pages". Springsgov.com. July 6, 2007. Archived from the original on May 14, 2008. Retrieved October 5, 2009.
[edit]
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Colorado Springs".
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colorado_Springs,_Colorado&oldid=1263761920"