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Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (TV special)

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Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer
Title card
GenreChristmas
Family
Comedy
Based on"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer"
by Johnny Marks
Written byRomeo Muller
Directed byLarry Roemer
Narrated byBurl Ives
ComposerJohnny Marks
Country of origin
  • United States
  • Canada
  • Japan
  • England
Original languageEnglish
Production
ProducerArthur Rankin Jr.
CinematographyTadahito Mochinaga
Running time52 minutes
Production companyVideocraft International
Budget$500,000[1]
Original release
NetworkNBC
ReleaseDecember 6, 1964 (1964-12-06)
Related

Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer is a 1964 stop motion Christmas animated television special produced by Videocraft International, Ltd.[2] It first aired December 6, 1964, on the NBC television network in the United States and was sponsored by General Electric under the umbrella title of The General Electric Fantasy Hour.[3] The special was based on the 1949 Johnny Marks song "Rudolph, the Red-Nosed Reindeer" which was itself based on the poem of the same name written in 1939 by Marks's brother-in-law, Robert L. May. The concept was developed in New York City, the animation was done in Japan, the music was recorded in England, and most of the voice actors were from Canada.[4] The production was completed in 18 months.[4]

NBC began airing the special annually in 2024, having previously done so until 1972. From 1972 to 2023, the special aired on CBS, which unveiled a high-definition, digitally remastered version of the program in 2005, re-scanned frame-by-frame from the original 35 mm film elements. As with A Charlie Brown Christmas and How the Grinch Stole Christmas, Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer no longer airs merely once annually, but several times during the Christmas and holiday season. It has been telecast every year since 1964, making it the longest continuously running Christmas TV special in the United States. The 50th anniversary of the television special was marked in 2014,[5] and a series of postage stamps featuring Rudolph was issued by the United States Postal Service on November 6, 2014.[6] A special exhibit was also mounted at the Masterworks Museum in Bermuda, where the original puppets are held.[7] Since 2019, Freeform has aired the special as a part of its 25 Days of Christmas holiday programming block.

Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer was initially met with a positive reception among critics, who praised the voice acting, soundtrack, animation style, characters, and sets. Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer is often regarded as one of the best Christmas films ever made, being featured on numerous "top ten" lists. It has become widely popular among both young children and adults familiar with the Christmas season, and has garnered a large cult following since its initial debut. On December 6, 2024, its 60th anniversary, the special returned to NBC for the first time since 1972.

Plot

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Donner, the lead reindeer for Santa Claus, and his wife have a new fawn named Rudolph. They are surprised to find out he was born with a glowing red nose. Donner attempts to first cover Rudolph's nose with mud, and later uses a fake nose, so Rudolph will fit in with the other reindeer.

The following spring, Rudolph goes out for the reindeer games, where the new fawns learn to fly and are scouted by Santa for future sleigh duty. Rudolph meets a doe named Clarice, who tells him he is cute, making Rudolph fly. While he celebrates with the other bucks, Rudolph's fake nose pops off, causing the other reindeer to mock him and Coach Comet to expel him.

Rudolph meets and joins Hermey, a misfit elf who left Santa's workshop to follow his dream to become a dentist, and Yukon Cornelius, a prospector who has spent his life searching for silver and gold. After escaping the Abominable Snow Monster, all three land on the Island of Misfit Toys. It is a place where unloved or unwanted toys reside with their ruler, a winged lion named King Moonracer, who brings the toys to the island until he can find homes and children who would love them. The king allows them to stay one night on the island and asks them to ask Santa to find homes for them. Rudolph leaves on his own that night, worried that his nose will endanger his friends.

Time passes and Rudolph, now a young stag, returns home to find that his parents and Clarice have been searching for him. He then travels to the Abominable's cave, where they are being held captive. Rudolph attempts to rescue Clarice until the monster knocks him down with a stalactite. Hermey and Yukon eventually show up with a plan to help out Rudolph. Hermey lures the monster out of the cave by imitating the sound of a pig and pulls out the Abominable's teeth after Yukon knocks him out. Yukon drives the toothless monster back over a cliff and falls with it.

Rudolph, Hermey, Clarice, and the Donners return home where everyone apologizes to them. Yukon returns with a tamed Abominable, now trained to trim a Christmas tree, explaining that the monster's bouncing ability saved both of their lives. Christmas Eve comes and while everybody is celebrating, Santa announces that a big snowstorm is approaching, forcing him to cancel Christmas. Blinded by Rudolph's bright nose, he changes his mind and asks Rudolph to lead the sleigh. Rudolph accepts, and their first stop is the Island of Misfit Toys, where Santa delivers the toys to children.

Cast

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Hermey and Rudolph, during the "We're a Couple of Misfits" musical sequence

Production

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Development

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Original release advertisement

The special, with the teleplay by Romeo Muller, introduced several new characters inspired by the song's lyrics. Muller told an interviewer shortly before his death that he would have preferred to base the teleplay on May's original book, but could not find a copy.[11] After the script, concept designs and storyboards for Rudolph were done by Arthur Rankin Jr. and his staff of artists at Rankin/Bass in New York City.

Voice cast

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Most of the characters were portrayed by Canadian actors recorded at RCA Studios in Toronto under the supervision of Bernard Cowan.[12] Rankin and Bass chose Canadian voice actors for two reasons. First, while the last radio dramas in the U.S. had ended production a few years previously, many were still being produced in Canada, giving the producers a large talent pool to choose from.[13] Second, Rankin and Bass, financially stretched while making Tales of the Wizard of Oz a few years earlier, had been able to complete that series only due to the lower labor costs in Canada.[14] Billie Mae Richards, who provided the voice of Rudolph, reprised the role for Rudolph's Shiny New Year and Rudolph and Frosty's Christmas in July.[13][15]

Ives' parts were recorded later. He and his character were added to the cast just before the end of production, after NBC and General Electric, the show's sponsor, asked Rankin and Bass to add a name familiar to audiences to the cast.[14] In the original production, Billie Mae Richards, who voiced Rudolph, was credited as "Billy Richards" since Rankin and Bass did not want to disclose that a woman had done the part.[13] Antony Peters' name was also misspelled.[14]

Animation

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The company's trademark stop motion animation process, known as "Animagic", was filmed at MOM Productions in Tokyo with supervision by Tadahito Mochinaga and associate direction by Kizo Nagashima.[11] Besides Rudolph, Mochinaga and the rest of the Japanese puppet animation staff are also known for their partnership with Rankin/Bass on their other Animagic productions almost throughout the 1960s, from The New Adventures of Pinocchio, to Willy McBean and his Magic Machine, to The Daydreamer and Mad Monster Party?[11] Character designer Antony Peters intentionally made the Sam the Snowman character resemble Ives.[16]

Each "Animagic" figure cost $5,000 to make,[4] including Rudolph and Santa.[17][18]

Music

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Main article: Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (soundtrack)

The songs were written by Johnny Marks, with musical director Maury Laws composing the incidental score.[19] In addition to songs written specifically for the film, several of Marks' other holiday standards populate the instrumental score, among them "Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree" and "I Heard the Bells on Christmas Day". Many of the songs are utilized in the score as musical themes for recurring characters and ideas, such as "Silver and Gold" (for Yukon Cornelius, sung by Burl Ives), "Jingle, Jingle, Jingle" (Santa, sung by Stan Francis) and "There's Always Tomorrow" (Clarice, sung by Janis Orenstein). The music score was recorded in England.[4] In 1965, an executive of the special's sponsor General Electric Company decided that "We're a Couple of Misfits" would be replaced by "Fame and Fortune".[4] "We're a Couple of Misfits" was added back in 1998.[4]

Ives re-recorded "A Holly Jolly Christmas", with different arrangements, for the song's 1964 single release. This version, along with a similarly newly recorded version of "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer", was released the following year on his 1965 album Have a Holly Jolly Christmas.[20]

Broadcast

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Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer premiered on December 6, 1964, on NBC, at 5:30pm (EST).[21] In 1972, the special would start airing on CBS.[22]

In May 2019, it was announced that Freeform would air the special as part of their annual 25 Days of Christmas lineup for the first time, alongside Frosty the Snowman.[23][24] The agreement was later revealed to be an exclusive rights agreement, as CBS continued to broadcast the special over-the-air each November and December until 2023,[25] but not on Paramount+ nor, in an unusual case of blackout, virtual multichannel video program distributors such as YouTube TV and Hulu + Live TV, which have traditionally carried all network programming in the same fashion as cable and satellite providers; CBS parent company Paramount claimed, copyright ambiguity notwithstanding, that it did not have streaming rights to the special.[26]

NBC broadcast the special again for the first time in 52 years on December 6, 2024, in a 75-minute telecast.[27] This change also marked the first time that this special can be streamed on YouTube TV, Hulu and other live TV services.[28]

Home media

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When Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer was first released on VHS and LaserDisc by Family Home Entertainment and Broadway Video from 1989 to 1996 under the Christmas Classics Series label. It was re-released in 1997 by Family Home Entertainment and Golden Books Family Entertainment.

In 1998, the special was re-released on VHS by Sony Wonder and Golden Books Family Entertainment. In 1999, the special was released for the first time on DVD by the two companies. In 2010, the special was released for the first time on Blu-ray by Vivendi Entertainment. On November 4, 2014, they re-released the special on a 50th anniversary edition on Blu-ray and DVD.[29] The same 50th anniversary Blu-ray edition was released with an exclusive storybook; this was only sold at Walmart. Universal Pictures Home Entertainment re-released the special again on DVD and Blu-ray in 2018. Universal re-released the special on 4K UHD Blu-ray as part of The Classic Christmas Specials Collection (with Frosty the Snowman and Santa Claus Is Comin' to Town) in 2022.

Reception

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Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer received an approval rating of 95% on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on thirteen reviews, with an average rating of 9.37/10. The site's critical consensus reads: "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer is a yule-tide gem that bursts with eye-popping iconography, a spirited soundtrack, and a heart-warming celebration of difference."[30] Contemporary reports rated the special highly, with a 1970 survey from Clarke Williamson noting that viewers gave the special above-average reviews, only slightly lower than two other 1960s classics, A Charlie Brown Christmas and The Little Drummer Boy, and ahead of other specials of the era.[31] In December 2018, a Hollywood Reporter/Morning Consult poll which surveyed 2,200 adults from Nov. 15–18, 2018, named Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer the most beloved holiday film, with 83 percent of respondents having a generally favorable response to the title.[32]

Controversies

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[edit]

The year of the copyright notice (which used Roman numerals) was listed as MCLXIV (year 1164) and not MCMLXIV.[33] Because the published work was released in 1964, the copyright was potentially weakened, as a copyright notice was required for copyright protection in works that are published earlier than March 1, 1989.[34]

Island of Misfit Toys ending scene

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The original version did not include Santa traveling to the Island of Misfit Toys to pick up the toys.[4] According to Jules Bass, viewers wanted to see the scene and wrote letters.[4] The scene was later animated and added in 1965.[4]

Dolly for Sue, a character from the television special (1964)

Dolly for Sue speculation

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Dolly for Sue, a supporting character from the special, has sparked speculation since her debut. Being a seemingly normal-looking rag doll, there is no clear reason for Dolly being on the Island of Misfit Toys. It was once debated that it had to do with her physical appearance, particularly her missing a nose.[35] Other speculations were raised, and many believed Dolly was only created because the rest of the toys on the island were "boys", so they created a "girl" toy to balance the cast.[citation needed]

According to The Making of the Rankin/Bass Holiday Classic: Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer, nothing in the script gave any indication on why Dolly for Sue is a misfit toy.[4] On December 8, 2007, during a trivia game on Wait Wait... Don't Tell Me!, Rankin admitted in a recent interview: "she was cast off by her mistress and was clinically depressed."[36][37]

Aftermath and cultural impact

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Actors' residuals and compensations

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Ives, and his estate since his 1995 death, received annual residuals from the show, the only actor in it to do so. "This business of residuals was new to our union, which was not quite as strong as SAG or others in the States", Soles recalled in 2014.[14] The rest of the voice actors did not receive residuals for the characters due to ACTRA's labor costs.[15] However, Richards did receive residuals for three years,[13] and each of them did receive approximately $1,000 for their work throughout the years.[15] While Richards said in 2000 that her compensation was a "sore subject" for her, she had no complaints about the work itself. "I feel so lucky to have something that has made such an impact on people, and it's because of the story first and foremost."[15]

Restored figures of Rudolph and Santa

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Since those involved with the production had no idea of the future value of the stop-motion puppet figures used in the production, many were not preserved. In 2007, Rankin claimed to be in possession of an original Rudolph figure.[38] Rankin-Bass historian Rick Goldschmidt revealed that a few puppets of other puppets were still in the possession of people who worked on the special.[36] Nine other puppets—including Santa and young Rudolph[36]—were going to be thrown away,[39] but they were given to a secretary, who gave them to family members, which were eventually damaged over time due to poor storage.[38]

In 2005, a relative of an unknown rescuer found the figures of Rudolph and Santa and brought them to be appraised on Antiques Roadshow;[40] the episode aired in 2006 on PBS.[41] At that time, their appraised value was between $8,000 and $10,000.[41] The puppets had been damaged through years of rough handling by children and storage in an attic.[41] The family later sold both figures to president of TimeandSpaceToys.com Kevin A. Kriess.[36][40] Kriess confirmed that he bought them after he shared photos and knew about the history.[36] Kriess had both puppets restored by Screen Novelties, a Los Angeles-based collective of film directors specializing in stop-motion animation, with puppet fabricator Robin Walsh leading the project.[36][40] The figures have been shown at conventions since then.[42] They were sold at auction on November 13, 2020.[43][44] netting a $368,000 sale price, doubling the expected return.[45] On December 22, 2020, they were donated to the Center for Puppetry Arts in Atlanta, Georgia.[46]

In 2007, Arthur Rankin Jr, stated that he believed that the other puppets of Rudolph and Santa were most likely discarded due to damage and wear from the animators.[38] In May 2023, it was revealed by Goldschmidt that the restored puppets of Santa and Rudolph were actually “publicity” copies, used for photography and other purposes rather than being screen used copies from Japan where the animation was done. These puppets were displayed at the NBC headquarters in New York before eventually given back to Rankin-Bass, whose secretary Barbara Adams took them home for her children.[47]

Merchandise

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A Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer video game was released on November 9, 2010. The adaptation was published by Red Wagon Games for the Wii and Nintendo DS, and was developed by High Voltage Software and Glyphic Entertainment respectively. The Wii version was received poorly, and garnered extremely negative reviews from sites such as IGN giving it a 1.5/10.[48]

Sequels

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The Rankin/Bass special inspired numerous television sequels made by the same studio:

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Recurring characters include Rudolph (voiced by Billie Mae Richards), Santa Claus (voiced by Stan Francis), and Mrs. Claus (voiced by Peg Dixon) in this special. Various actors portray the other reindeer.
  2. ^ Recurring characters include Frosty the Snowman (voiced by Jackie Vernon), Santa (voiced by Paul Frees), and Professor Hinkle Tinkerton (voiced by Billy De Wolfe) in this special. Santa's reindeer also feature.
  3. ^ Recurring characters include Santa (voiced by Mickey Rooney), Mrs. Jessica Claus (voiced by Robie Lester), and S.D. Kluger (voiced by Fred Astaire) in this special. Rudolph and Santa's other reindeer also feature.
  4. ^ Recurring characters include the Easter Bunny (voiced by Casey Kasem), and Santa (voiced by Frees) in this special. Santa's reindeer also feature.
  5. ^ Recurring characters in this special include Santa (voiced by Allen Swift), alongside his featured reindeer.
  6. ^ Recurring characters include Santa (voiced by Rooney), Mrs. Claus (voiced by Shirley Booth), Snow Miser (voiced by Dick Shawn), Heat Miser (voiced by George S. Irving), and Mother Nature (voiced by Rhoda Mann) in this special. Rudolph and Santa's other reindeer also feature.
  7. ^ Recurring characters include Easter Bunny (voiced by Robert Morse and Burl Ives), and Santa (voiced by Frees) in this special. Santa's reindeer also feature.
  8. ^ Recurring characters include Frosty (voiced by Vernon), Mrs. Crystal Frosty (voiced by Shelley Winters), and Jack Frost (voiced by Frees) in this special.
  9. ^ Recurring characters include Rudolph (voiced by Richards) and Santa (voiced by Frees) in this special. Santa's other reindeer also feature.
  10. ^ Recurring characters include Easter Bunny (voiced by Skip Hinnant), and S.D. Kluger (voiced by Astaire) in this special.
  11. ^ Recurring characters in this special include Santa (voiced by Frees), along with Rudolph and his other featured reindeer.
  12. ^ Recurring characters in this special include Santa Claus during a scene which compares the Ghost of Christmas Present to him (both characters were voiced by Frees).
  13. ^ The recurring character is Jack Frost (voiced by Robert Morse) in this special.
  14. ^ Recurring characters include Rudolph (voiced by Richards), Frosty (voiced by Vernon), Santa (voiced by Rooney), Mrs. Claus (voiced by Darlene Conley), Crystal (voiced by Winters), and Jack Frost (voiced by Frees) in this special. Santa's other reindeer also feature.
  15. ^ The recurring characters in the special include Santa (voiced by Swift), alongside his featured reindeer.
  16. ^ The recurring character is Frosty (voiced by John Goodman) in this special. Mother Nature is also referenced in the short.
  17. ^ Recurring characters include Rudolph (voiced by Kathleen Barr), Santa (voiced by Garry Chalk), and Mrs. Claus (also voiced by Barr) in this film. Santa's other reindeer, and various other characters from the 1964 original also feature.
  18. ^ Recurring characters include Frosty (voiced by Bill Fagerbakke), and Professor Tinkerton (voiced by Kath Soucie) in this special.
  19. ^ Recurring characters include Snow Miser (voiced by Juan Chioran), Heat Miser (voiced by Irving), Santa (voiced by Rooney), Mrs. Claus (voiced by Catherine Disher), and Mother Earth (voiced by Patricia Hamilton) in this special. Santa's reindeer also feature.
  20. ^ Books and other items related to the show have in some cases misspelled "Hermey" as "Herbie". According to Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer: The Making of the Rankin/Bass Holiday Classic, the scripts by Romeo Muller show the spelling to be "Hermey".[4]

References

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  1. ^ Goldschmidt, Rick (February 1999). "Creating Animagic". Cinefantastique. Fourth Castle Micromedia. Retrieved November 25, 2024.
  2. ^ "The Magical Animation of 'Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer'". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved October 18, 2020.
  3. ^ Crump, William D. (2019). Happy Holidays—Animated! A Worldwide Encyclopedia of Christmas, Hanukkah, Kwanzaa and New Year's Cartoons on Television and Film. McFarland & Co. pp. 259–260. ISBN 9781476672939.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Goldschmidt 2001.
  5. ^ "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer celebrates 50th anniversary". CBS News. December 9, 2014. Archived from the original on December 10, 2014.
  6. ^ "Rudolph all red-nosed over stamp of approval". United States Postal Service. November 6, 2014. Archived from the original on December 24, 2014. Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer, the nation's longest-running and highest-rated Christmas television special 'went down in history' to receive its stamp of approval today. The set of four Limited Edition Forever stamps depicting Rudolph, Hermey, Santa and Bumble were created from still television frames from the special which premiered 50 years ago in 1964.
  7. ^ Wood, Heather (December 5, 2014). "Christmas special turning 50". The Royal Gazette [Bermuda]. royalgazette.com. Retrieved April 27, 2022.
  8. ^ Young, John (September 14, 2010). "Billie Mae Richards, voice of Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer, dies at 88". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on February 4, 2012.
  9. ^ Ford, Don (November 19, 2010). "'Rudolph' remembered". My View. Halton, Ontario: InsideHalton.com. Archived from the original on June 11, 2012. Retrieved December 2, 2011.
  10. ^ Turnbull, Barbara (December 11, 2014). "Rudolph, the Red-Nosed Reindeer's Toronto connection". Toronto Star. Retrieved February 18, 2023.
  11. ^ a b c 7 Facts About Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (YouTube). ChannelFrederator. December 19, 2017. Archived from the original on December 12, 2021. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
  12. ^ Braithwaite, Dennis (December 8, 1964). "Canadian voices". The Globe and Mail. p. 31.
  13. ^ a b c d Nelson, Valerie J. (September 14, 2010). "Billie Mae Richards dies at 88; Canadian actress best known as voice of Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 28, 2020.
  14. ^ a b c d Brioux, Bill (December 4, 2014). "'Rudolph' Christmas special endures for 50 years despite being made on the cheap". Times Colonist. Victoria, British Columbia. Archived from the original on November 28, 2020. Retrieved November 28, 2020.
  15. ^ a b c d Kampert, Patrick (December 22, 2002). "They're no misfits; 'Rudolph' stars still working". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved November 28, 2020.
  16. ^ Voger, Mark (2020). "TV Animation - Special Treatment". Holly Jolly: Celebrating Christmas Past in Pop Culture. Raleigh, North Carolina: TwoMorrows Publishing. p. 170. ISBN 978-1605490977.
  17. ^ "Jules Bass, co-creator of TV's 'Rudolph' and 'Frosty the Snowman,' dies at age 87". NPR. October 27, 2022. Archived from the original on January 21, 2023.
  18. ^ "Rudolph, Santa figures soar to sale of $368,000 at auction". WMTV. November 14, 2020. Archived from the original on January 21, 2023.
  19. ^ Laws, Maury (April 19, 2003). Author/Historian Rick Goldschmidt Interviews Maury Laws (audio). Percepto Records.
  20. ^ Torreano, Bradley. "Have a Holly Jolly Christmas - Burl Ives". AllMusic. Retrieved March 9, 2015.
  21. ^ "Holiday Fantasy Slated On Video". Beckley Post Herald And Raleigh Register. November 14, 1964. p. 46. Retrieved December 14, 2024.
  22. ^ "'The Homecoming' Is Filled With Love". Abilene Reporter News. December 8, 1972. p. 10. Retrieved December 14, 2024.
  23. ^ Bennett, Anita (May 14, 2019). "Freeform Expands '31 Nights of Halloween' Programming With 'Ghostbusters' and Other Classics". Deadline.
  24. ^ Lowin, Rebekah (May 19, 2019). "Freeform Revealed Major Details About '25 Days of Christmas' for 2019". Country Living.
  25. ^ "CBS Holiday TV Special Schedule Released; Here's when You Can Watch Rudolph and Frosty". October 29, 2019.
  26. ^ Sergent, Katie (December 13, 2023). "'Rudolph,' 'Frosty the Snowman' showings to be blacked not out on CBS streaming platforms". WWMT. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
  27. ^ Adalian, Josef (November 1, 2024). "CBS Holiday Staple Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer Is Flying Over to NBC". Vulture. Retrieved November 1, 2024.
  28. ^ Bouma, Luke (December 6, 2024). ""Rudolph" & "Frosty" Streaming Debut on YouTube TV, Hulu, Fubo, & Sling TV". Cord Cutter News. Retrieved December 6, 2024.
  29. ^ "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer: 50th Anniversary Collector's Edition Blu-ray". Blu-ray.com. August 19, 2014. Retrieved March 9, 2015.
  30. ^ "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
  31. ^ Williamson, Clarke (January 28, 1970). "Top View". Fort Lauderdale News. p. 40. Retrieved December 12, 2023.
  32. ^ Galuppo, Mia (December 4, 2018). "'Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer' Most Beloved Holiday Movie, Poll Finds". hollywoodreporter.com. Retrieved December 8, 2018.
  33. ^ Heldenfels, Rich (December 19, 2013). "Mailbag: 'Rudolph' numerals wrong in opening credits". Akron Beacon-Journal.
  34. ^ Hayes, David P. (2007). "Guide to Roman Numerals". Copyright Registration and Renewal Information Chart and Web Site. Retrieved December 14, 2024.
  35. ^ "Mystery In 'Rudolph The Red-Nosed Reindeer' Has Been Solved". WPLW-FM. December 3, 2018. Retrieved July 11, 2021.
  36. ^ a b c d e f "1960s 'Rudolph' TV figures on display". New Castle News. December 5, 2007. p. 8. Retrieved December 14, 2024.
  37. ^ Not My Job (Podcast). Wait Wait... Don't Tell Me!. December 8, 2007.
  38. ^ a b c Togneri, Chris (December 12, 2007). "Zelienople man saves Santa, Rudolph". triblive.com. Retrieved February 8, 2017.
  39. ^ "1960s 'Rudolph' TV figures on display". New Castle News. December 5, 2007. p. 8. Retrieved December 14, 2024.
  40. ^ a b c Goodman, Brenda (December 23, 2006). "Rudolph and Santa, as Good as New". The New York Times. Retrieved December 14, 2024.
  41. ^ a b c "Rudolph & Santa Characters from 'Rudolph, the Red-Nosed Reindeer'". Antiques Roadshow. PBS. May 15, 2006. Archived from the original on July 18, 2012. Retrieved December 2, 2011.
  42. ^ Welch, Chris (December 23, 2015). "'Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer' figurines' new life". CNN. Retrieved November 26, 2017.
  43. ^ "Rudolph and his nose-so-bright into auction will take flight". AP NEWS. Associated Press. October 15, 2020. Retrieved October 21, 2020.
  44. ^ Profiles in History. "Rudolph The Red-Nosed Reindeer Auction 126". Retrieved October 20, 2020.
  45. ^ "Rudolph, Santa figures used in 1964 stop-motion animation TV special sell for $368K at auction". WABC-TV. Associated Press. November 15, 2020. Archived from the original on November 14, 2020. Retrieved November 15, 2020.
  46. ^ Hood-Cree, Cameron. "Center for Puppetry Arts gets original figures from 'Rudolph' cartoon". Retrieved November 20, 2021.
  47. ^ Goldschmidt, Rick (May 22, 2023). "Is the Mystery of "Screen-Used" Rankin/Bass Rudolph Puppets Solved?". Remind Magazine. Retrieved October 14, 2023.
  48. ^ Steimer, Kristine (December 15, 2010). "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer Review". IGN. Ziff Davis. Retrieved March 9, 2015.
  49. ^ "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer 4D Attraction". IMDb.com. November 25, 2016. Retrieved November 26, 2017.
  50. ^ "SimEx-Iwerks - Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer coming in 4-D". Simex-iwerks.com. Archived from the original on October 28, 2017. Retrieved November 26, 2017.

Bibliography

[edit]
  • Goldschmidt, Rick (2001). Ranney, Doug (ed.). The Making of the Rankin/Bass Classic: Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer. Miser Bros. Press. ISBN 0971308101.
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