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List of World War II prisoner-of-war camps in the United States

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Italian prisoners of war working on the Arizona Canal (December 1943)

In the United States at the end of World War II, there were prisoner-of-war camps, including 175 Branch Camps serving 511 Area Camps containing over 425,000 prisoners of war (mostly German). The camps were located all over the US, but were mostly in the South, due to the higher expense of heating the barracks in colder areas. Eventually, every state (with the exceptions of Nevada, North Dakota, and Vermont) and Hawaii, then a territory, had each at least a POW camp.[1]

Some of the camps were designated "segregation camps", where Nazi "true believers" were separated from the other prisoners due to retaliation killings and terror toward POWs they thought were too friendly to their American captors.[2]

After the Armistice of Cassibile, approximately 90% of Italian POWs pledged to help the United States, by volunteering in Italian Service Units (ISU). Due to a labor shortage, Italian Service Units worked on Army depots, in arsenals and hospitals, and on farms. POWs who were a part of the ISU received better housing, uniforms and pay.[3][4][5][6][7]

At its peak in May 1945, a total of 425,871 POWs were held in the US: 371,683 Germans, 50,273 Italians, and 3,915 Japanese.[8]: 272 

Camp State City or County Notes
Bainbridge Army Airfield Georgia Bainbridge Originally an Army Airfield flight training facility. Also housed several hundred German POWs who worked in nearby agricultural farms. Following World War II, the facilities became the Bainbridge State Hospital residential mental health campus until its closure in the 1960s.
Boston Port of Embarkation Massachusetts Boston
Bradley Field Connecticut Windsor Locks Now Bradley International Airport
Camp Adair Oregon Benton County
Camp Albuquerque New Mexico Albuquerque
Camp Algona Iowa Algona https://www.pwcampalgona.org/
Camp Aliceville Alabama Aliceville Opened in 1943, a segregation camp from 1944.[2]
Camp Allegan Michigan Allegan County Originally CCC Camp Lakewood built in 1936
Camp Allen Virginia Norfolk
Camp Alva Oklahoma Alva One of the first segregation camps.[2]
Fort Andrews Massachusetts Boston Harbor
Camp Angel Island California San Francisco
Camp Antigo Wisconsin Antigo
Camp Appleton Wisconsin Appleton
Camp Ashby Virginia Princess Anne County
Camp Ashford West Virginia White Sulphur Springs
Camp Atlanta Nebraska Atlanta
Camp Atterbury Indiana Edinburgh Housed 3,500 Italians and later 10,000 Germans
Camp AuTrain Michigan AuTrain
Camp Barkeley Texas Abilene Located near what is now Dyess Air Force Base.[8]: 130 
Camp Barron Wisconsin Barron County
Camp Bassett Arkansas Bassett
Camp Bastrop Louisiana Bastrop Branch Camp of Camp Ruston. Kurt Richard Westphal escaped in August 1945 and was recaptured in Hamburg, West Germany in 1954.
Camp Bayfield Wisconsin Bayfield Formerly the county courthouse, is now the headquarters of the Apostle Islands National Lakeshore.
Camp Beale California Yuba County
Camp Beaver Dam Wisconsin Beaver Dam
Camp Belle Mead New Jersey Belle Mead Housed primarily Italian POWs. Once Italy surrendered, the Italian POWs were permitted to volunteer for the "Italian Service Unit." This unit provided the POWs with an opportunity to work and earn a wage, as well as preferential treatment.[9]
Camp Billy Mitchell Wisconsin Milwaukee Over 3,000 German POWs were interned at Billy Mitchell Field airport (known today as Milwaukee Mitchell International Airport (MKE)) from January 1945 to April 1946.
Camp Blanding Florida Clay County Upwards of 200 German Prisoner of War were moved to Venice Army Air Field in February 1945 from Camp Blanding. Seven German soldiers who had been reinterred at Camp Blanding, were reinterred on 25 April 1946, at the Fort Benning National Cemetery near Columbus, Ga when the federal government returned Camp Blanding to the Florida National Guard.[10]
Camp Bowie Texas Brown County See: "News from the Bowie Camp 1943," a written account from Joseph Lehman to a friend.
Camp Brady Texas
Camp Breckinridge Kentucky
Camp Briner North Carolina Butner
Camp Bullis Texas San Antonio
Camp Butner North Carolina Butner Kurt Rossmeisl escaped on 4 August 1945 and surrendered in 1959.
Camp Cambria Wisconsin Cambria
Camp Campbell Kentucky One of first camps (3) designated for de-Nazification: Fort Devens, Massachusetts and Camp McCain, Mississippi.[8]
Camp Carson Colorado El Paso County
Camp Chaffee Arkansas Sebastian County
Camp Chase Ohio
Camp Chickasha Oklahoma Grady County
Camp Chilton Wisconsin Chilton 300 POWs from Camp McCoy arrived at the Calumet County Fairgrounds in June 1945. They worked at 8 local canneries until moving to other parts of Wisconsin in August 1945.[11]
Camp Claiborne Louisiana Forest Hill Branch Camp of Camp Ruston.
Camp Clarinda Iowa
Camp Clark, Missouri Missouri Nevada
Camp Cleburne Texas Johnson County Located where the present day Cleburne Conference center is located in the 1500 block of West Henderson(business HWY 67)
Camp Clinton Mississippi Clinton Housed German POWs from the Afrika Korps after their defeat in North Africa
Camp Cobb Wisconsin Cobb
Camp Columbus Wisconsin Columbus
Camp Como Mississippi Panola County
Camp Concordia Kansas Concordia
Camp Cooke California Santa Barbara County
Camp Croft South Carolina
Camp Crossville Tennessee
Camp Crowder Missouri
Camp Dawson West Virginia
Camp Deming New Mexico Georg Gärtner escaped on 21 September 1945, and finally surrendered in 1985. He was the last escapee, having remained at large for 40 years.
Camp Dermott Arkansas Dermott, Arkansas
Camp Douglas Wyoming Douglas
Camp Dundee Michigan Two escaped. Used a railroad box car. Recaptured: Roanoke, Va.[12]
Camp Eau Claire Wisconsin Altoona
Camp Edwards Massachusetts Falmouth
Camp Ellis Illinois Fulton County
Camp Eunice Louisiana
Camp Evelyn Michigan Alger County
Camp Faribault Minnesota
Camp Fannin Texas Tyler Located on the campus of the University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler.
Camp Flint California Placer County
Camp Florence Arizona Florence Largest all-new prisoner of war compound ever constructed on American soil.[13]
Camp Fond du Lac Wisconsin Fond du Lac 300 German POWs were interned at the Fond du Lac County Fairgrounds from June to August 1944 while they harvested peas on local farms and worked in canneries.
Camp Forrest Tennessee Tullahoma First attempted escape in US of German POWs (2) on 5 November 1942.
Camp Fox Lake Wisconsin Fox Lake
Camp Fredonia Wisconsin Fredonia 330 German POWs lived in a tent city surrounding the Louis Glunz dance hall and worked on farms and in area canneries during the 1945 harvest.
Camp Freeland Michigan Freeland The current site of the MBS International Airport
Camp Galesville Wisconsin Galesville
Camp Gene Autry Oklahoma Ardmore Army Air Field
Camp Genesee Wisconsin Genesee
Camp Germfask Michigan Germfask
Camp Grant Illinois Rockford
Camp Grant Michigan Grant Formerly located on the south-east corner of East 120th St. and South Walnut Ave. 2.5 miles east of Grant. Prisoners worked on local farms.
Camp Greeley Colorado Greeley
Camp Green Lake Wisconsin Green Lake
Camp Gruber Oklahoma Muskogee
Camp Gueydan Louisiana
Camp Haan California Riverside County
Camp Hale Colorado Pando-Leadville [14]
Camp Hartford Wisconsin Hartford 600 German POWs were interned in the Schwartz Ballroom from October 1944 to January 1946. They were contracted to work on farms and in canneries, mills, and tanneries.
Camp Hearne Texas Hearne [15]
Camp Hereford Texas Deaf Smith County Only for Italians[16]
Camp Hobart Oklahoma
Camp Hoffman Maryland Close to Fort Lincoln and held over 5,000 soldiers
Camp Hood Texas
Camp Horseshoe Ranch Oklahoma Hickory
Camp Hortonville Wisconsin Hortonville Held German POWs. All buildings have since been demolished, the only structure left standing is the base of one stone pillar where stood the main gate of the camp.
Camp Houlton Maine
Camp Howze Texas Cooke County [17]
Camp Hulen Texas Palacios
Camp Huntsdale Pennsylvania
Camp Huntsville Texas One of the first segregation camps.[2]
Camp Indianola Nebraska
Camp Janesville Wisconsin Janesville
Camp Jefferson Wisconsin Jefferson
Camp Jerome Arkansas Jerome
Camp Kaplan Louisiana
Camp Kaufman[8]: 245, 262  Texas Kaufman
Camp Keesus Wisconsin Merton
Camp Las Cruces New Mexico Las Cruces Werner Paul Lueck escaped in November 1945 and was recaptured in Mexico City in 1954.
Camp Lawrenceburg Tennessee Lawrenceburg Sub Camp of Camp Forrest - April 1944 to March 1946 - 331 German Prisoners.
Camp Lee Virginia
Camp Livingston Louisiana
Camp Lockett California Campo Auxiliary of Camp Haan in Riverside County, home to last Civil War cavalry unit, Buffalo Soldiers. POW camp for Italians and Germans
Camp Lodi Wisconsin Lodi
Camp Lordsburg New Mexico Lordsburg 1942-1945: held Japanese-American internees, and then German and Italian POWs.
Camp Mackall North Carolina Hoffman
Camp Marion Ohio Marion http://www.hmdb.org/Marker.asp?Marker=29115
Camp Markesan Wisconsin Markesan
Camp Marshfield Wisconsin Marshfield
Camp McAlester Oklahoma McAlester and Piteburg http://worldandmilitarynotes.com/pow/camp-mcalester-ok-usa-pow-camp/
Camp McCain Mississippi Grenada County One of first camps (3) designated for de-Nazification: Camp Campbell and Fort Devens, Massachusetts.[8]
Camp McCoy Wisconsin Monroe Japanese and German POWs; Japanese, Italian, and German internees; now Fort McCoy
Camp McKay Massachusetts Constructed for prisoners, later reused for housing after the war
Camp McLean Texas
Camp Mackan North Carolina
Camp Maxey Texas [18]
Camp Mexia Texas
Camp Milltown Wisconsin Milltown
Camp Myles Standish Massachusetts Taunton
Camp Monticello Arkansas Monticello
Camp Montgomery Minnesota
Camp Natural Bridge New York West Point German camp
Camp New Cumberland Pennsylvania
Camp New Ulm Minnesota New Ulm Fortuitously located outside a city where many locals still spoke German. The camp buildings are preserved in Flandrau State Park and are available for rent as a group center.[19]
Camp Oakfield Wisconsin Oakfield
Camp Ogden Utah
Camp Oklahoma City Oklahoma Oklahoma City On site of Will Rogers World Airport.
Camp Ono California San Bernardino Italian camp
Camp Opelika Alabama Lee County
Camp Owosso Michigan Shlawassee County
Camp Owatonna Minnesota
Camp Patrick Henry Virginia Newport News
Camp Papago Park Arizona Germany's "Great Escape" was from a 200 feet (61 m) tunnel by 25 prisoners on 24 December 1944.
Camp Pauls Valley Oklahoma
Camp Peary Virginia
Camp Perry Ohio Now home to the CMP Headquarters and Gary Anderson competition center
Camp Philips Kansas
Camp Pickett Virginia Nottoway County [citation needed]
Camp Pima Arizona One of the first segregation camps.[2]
Camp Michaux Pennsylvania Cumberland County Located near Pine Grove Furnace State Park. Same commander as Gettysburg Battlefield camp. |[citation needed]
Camp Plymouth Wisconsin Plymouth
Camp Polk Louisiana
Camp Pomona California
Camp Popolopen New York [citation needed]
Camp Pori Michigan Upper Peninsula [citation needed]
Camp Pryor Oklahoma [citation needed]
Camp Raco Michigan Sault Ste. Marie
Camp Reedsburg Wisconsin Reedsburg
Camp Reynolds Pennsylvania
Camp Rhinelander Wisconsin Oneida County
Camp Ritchie Maryland Cascade German and Italian POW camp during 1942–1945 housing mostly Afrika Korps officers and Italians enlisted from the Torch Campaign. Camp Ritchie also served as a U.S. Army Training Camp from WWII until it was closed under BRAC during the 1990s to the early 2000s. Almost all of the WWII Camp structures have since been demolished. Also the site of training for "The Ritchie Boys", European refugees that were trained there to return and sabotage Germany's war effort.[citation needed]
Camp Ripon Wisconsin Ripon
Camp Jos. T. Robinson Arkansas Pulaski County
Camp Rockfield Wisconsin Germantown 500 German POWs were housed in a warehouse and tent city next to the Rockfield Canning Co. plant, where many of them worked as pea packers. Other POWs were transported to work on farms and canneries in neighboring communities.
Camp Roswell New Mexico Located 14 miles (23 km) SE of Roswell. 1942-1946: German POWs.
Camp Rucker Alabama Dale County
Camp Rupert Idaho Paul
Camp Ruston Louisiana Ruston, Louisiana Area camp with 9 branch camps. Capacity for 4,800 POWs at main camp. 3 POW compounds (2 Enlisted and 1 Officer), Hospital Compound, American Compound. Housed diverse groups of POWs: Afrika Korps, Italian, Yugoslavian, Chechen, Russian conscripts and others. Later known as a de-Nazification camp where many intellectuals, artist, writers were among the POWs. The U-505 crew was kept incommunicado in NE compound. Only known escapee who avoided recapture and returned to Germany via Mexico. Extensive archive collection of photographs, interviews, art, stone castle, and other memorabilia housed in LA Tech archives provided by Camp Ruston Foundation.
Camp San Luis Obispo California San Luis Obispo Held Italian POWs
Camp Salina Utah Salina, Utah This camp had a guard fire on and kill several German prisoners. See Utah prisoner of war massacre
Camp Santa Fe New Mexico Santa Fe
Camp Thomas A. Scott Indiana Fort Wayne Camp Scott held more than 600 German POWs from the Afrika Korps from late 1944 until the camp closed in November 1945.[20][21]
Camp Scottsbluff Nebraska
Camp Shanks New York Orangetown Housed 1,200 Italian and 800 German POWs between April 1945 and January 1946. First Germans arrived in June 1945. 290,000 POWs passed through while being processed to repatriate to their original countries. Last German POW left on 22 July 1946. Camp closed immediately after.
camp in McMillan Woods Pennsylvania Gettysburg Battlefield Same commander as Camp Michaux camp.
Camp Sheboygan Wisconsin Winooski From July to December 1945, 450 German POWs were housed in the Sheboygan County Asylum, which was built in 1878 and abandoned in 1940 when a new facility was completed.
Camp Shelby Mississippi Hattiesburg
Camp Sibert Alabama Etowah County 10 members of Hitler's SS troops were held at the camp.
Camp Sidnaw Michigan Sidnaw
Camp Skokie Valley Illinois Glenview
Camp Somerset Maryland
Camp Stark New Hampshire Coos County New Hampshire's only POW camp. Sited on the abandoned Civilian Conservation Corps camp about 1.6 miles east of the Stark Covered Bridge in Stark, Coos County. [22]
Camp Stewart Georgia
Camp Stockton California Camp Storm Lake

Iowa

Fort Strong Massachusetts Boston
Stringtown POW Camp Oklahoma Atoka
Camp Sturgeon Bay Wisconsin Door County 2,000 German POWs were housed at seven locations on the Door Peninsula, where they worked in the local cherry orchards.
Camp Sturtevant Wisconsin Sturtevant
Camp Sutton North Carolina
Camp Swift Texas Bastrop
Camp Thomasville Georgia Thomasville Large German POW camp 2 miles outside of Thomasville. Following World War II, the facilities were taken over by the Veterans Administration with both a hospital and large domiciliary complement. Facilities now serve as an adjunct to the state's mental health program.
Camp Thornton Illinois Thornton
Camp Tipton Oklahoma
Camp Tishomingo Oklahoma
Camp Tonkawa Oklahoma Housed 3,000 mostly Germans, taken in North Africa. Site of murder of Johannes Kunze by five fellow German POWs, who were subsequently tried, found guilty, hanged, and interred in the Fort Leavenworth Military Prison Cemetery.
Camp Tooele Utah POW Camp, Co. 1, Tooele (original postage)
Camp Trinidad Colorado Las Animas County A 150 feet (46 m) electrically lighted escape tunnel was discovered by authorities. This was probably a coal mining tunnel as Engleville was a coal mining camp where this POW camp is purported to be located. Coal mining was prominent in the late 1870s to the 1950s. A few continued into the early 1970s in Las Animas County where Trinidad is located.
Camp Tyson POW Camp Tennessee Paris
Camp Upton New York Suffolk County Approximately 1,000 Japanese Americans were kept there, under tight security, behind multiple layers of barbed wire fence. Camp Upton was also used to hold Japanese citizens who were in New York City at the time war broke out, including businessman with whom the governments of Japan and the United States negotiated an exchange.
Camp Van Dorn Mississippi Wilkinson County Originally WWII Army infantry training camp.
Camp Wallace Texas Galveston County
Camp Warner Oregon
Camp Washington Illinois Washington Reinhold Pabel escaped on 9 September 1945 and was recaptured in Chicago in March 1953
Camp Waterloo Michigan Heinz Eschweiler, a 27-year-old German POW, escaped and gave himself up 3 miles north of camp. Capt. Bruce Beiber, commandant at Waterloo, said the prisoner surrendered to Ernest Riemenschneider, who turned him over to state police. The camp housed German POWs in 1944 and 1945.[23]
Camp Waterloo Wisconsin Waterloo
Camp Waupun Wisconsin Waupun
Camp Waynoka Oklahoma
Camp Weeping Water Nebraska
Camp Wells Minnesota
Camp Weingarten Missouri Located between Farmington and Ste. Genevieve, Missouri
Camp Wharton Texas Wharton
Camp Wheeler Georgia
Camp White Oregon
Camp White Rock Texas Dallas A former CCC camp, it was used for POWs who were with Afrika Korps. After the war it became a men's dormitory for Southern Methodist University for the influx of students after the war and now is a Dallas park called Winfrey Point by White Rock Lake.
Camp Whitewater Minnesota St. Charles, Minnesota
Camp Wisconsin Rapids Wisconsin Wisconsin Rapids 200 German POWs were interned at the Tri-City Airport (now known as South Wood County Airport) from July to November 1945.
Camp Wolters Texas
Corpus Christi Naval Air Station Texas Corpus Christi
Cushing General Hospital Massachusetts
Drew Field Florida Now Tampa International Airport and Drew Park.
Edgewood Arsenal Maryland
Eglin Army Air Field Florida
Farragut Naval Training Station Idaho Located on Lake Pend Oreille in Bayview for the duration of World War II The installation housed around 900 Germans, who worked as gardeners and maintenance men around the base and surrounding community.[24] Additionally, Bayview is an unincorporated community; therefore, Farragut Naval Training Station was officially located in Kootenai County.
Fort Andrews Massachusetts For Italian prisoners
Fort Benjamin Harrison Indiana
Fort Benning Georgia
Fort Bliss Texas
Fort Bragg North Carolina
Fort Campbell Kentucky
Fort Crockett Texas Galveston
Fort Curtis Virginia
Fort Custer Michigan In Section B of Fort Custer National Cemetery, there are 26 German graves. Sixteen of the men were killed or died as a result of an accident on 31 October 1945.
Fort Devens Massachusetts Devens One of first camps (3) designated for de-Nazification: Camp Campbell and Camp McCain, Mississippi.[8]
Fort Dix New Jersey Harry Girth escaped in June 1946 and surrendered to authorities in New York City in 1953.
Fort DuPont Delaware
Fort Eustis Virginia
Fort Getty Rhode Island
Fort Gordon Georgia
Fort Greble Rhode Island
Fort Jackson South Carolina Columbia 34°02'53"N 80°57'10"W All buildings but one have been demolished. The location of the former POW camp is now a residential tract.
Fort Kearny Rhode Island Had a de-Nazification program per German based newspaper, Der Ruf (The Call)
Fort Knox Kentucky
Fort Lawton Washington A riot by Negro soldiers concerned preferential treatment of Italian and German POWs. One Italian POW was lynched, and Leon Jaworski was the military prosecutor.

The Italian, and one German POW who committed suicide rather than be repatriated, are interred just outside the post cemetery boundaries.

Fort Leavenworth Kansas
Fort Leonard Wood Missouri
Fort Lewis Washington Located between Olympia and Tacoma, Washington.

www.fortlewispowcamp.com

Fort McClellan Alabama Calhoun County
Fort Meade Maryland Fort Meade housed about 4,000 German and Italian World War II POWs. Thirty-three German POWs and two Italian POWs are now interred in the post cemetery. German submariner Werner Henke is the most notable, he shot at Fort Hunt, Virginia attempting to escape from a secret interrogation.
Fort Missoula Montana Missoula 1941-1944: Italian POWs.
Fort Niagara New York Niagara County Fort Niagara and Pine Camp (now Fort Drum) maintained several sub or branch camps, including one Geneseo.[25]
Fort Oglethorpe Georgia Fort Oglethorpe
Fort Omaha Nebraska Omaha
Fort Ord California A 120 feet (37 m) nearly completed escape tunnel was discovered by authorities.[26]
Fort Patrick Henry Virginia
Fort Reno Oklahoma
Fort Riley Kansas
Fort Robinson Nebraska
Fort Rucker Alabama Dale County
Fort D.A. Russell Texas Marfa Building 98
Fort Sam Houston Texas San Antonio
Fort Saulsbury Delaware
Fort Sheridan Illinois Lake County Sub camps: Camp Pine, Camp Thornton and Camp Skokie Valley, each with 200 POWs.
Fort Sill Oklahoma Lawton
Fort Sumner New Mexico
Fort F.E. Warren Wyoming
Glennan General Hospital Oklahoma Okmulgee Now the site of Oklahoma State University Institute of Technology
Goldsboro, Seymour Johnson Air Force Base North Carolina Goldsboro[27]
Grider Field Arkansas Pine Bluff
Halloran General Hospital New York
Hammond Northshore Regional Airport Louisiana
Hampton Roads Port of Embarkation Virginia
Hillcrest Farm Mississippi Carriere [28]
Honouliuli Internment Camp Hawaii also housed POWs from the Pacific
Indiantown Gap Military Reservation Pennsylvania Indiantown Gap
Holabird Signal Depot Maryland
Jefferson Barracks Missouri St. Louis
Jersey City Quartermaster Supply Depot New Jersey Caven Point, Jersey City [29]
Lovell General Hospital Massachusetts
McCloskey General Hospital Texas Temple
Memphis General Depot Tennessee
Naval Air Station Whiting Field Florida Milton
New Orleans Port of Embarkation Louisiana
Newton D. Baker Hospital West Virginia Martinsburg
Olmstead Field Pennsylvania
Patterson Field Ohio
Pine Camp New York Jefferson County Present Day Fort Drum
Port Johnson New Jersey [30]
Pine Bluff Arsenal Arkansas Pine Bluff
Richmond ASF Depot Virginia
Rocky Mountain Arsenal Colorado Rose Hill
Thibodaux, Louisiana Louisiana Thibodaux Housed German POWs from the Afrika Korps after defeat in North Africa. Camp was located in North Thibodaux along Coulon Road.
Tobyhanna Military Reservation Pennsylvania Tobyhanna
Valley Forge General Hospital Pennsylvania Valley Forge
Waltham Memorial Hospital Massachusetts Waltham
Westover Field Massachusetts Westover
Windfall Indiana World War II POW Camp Indiana Windfall
Rome New York Rome
Utica New York Utica
Boonville New York Boonville https://www.westbatonrougemuseum.com/573/Port-Allen-Prisoner-of-War-Sub-Camp-No-7
Camp Gordon Johnston Florida Carrabelle Most of the POWs sent to Florida were assigned to two large camps: Camp Gordon Johnston and Camp Blanding. Twenty-five smaller camps were scattered throughout the state.[31]
Camp Leesburg Florida Leesburg
Company 7[32] Florida Dade City
MacDill Air Force Base Florida Tampa
Liberty Point Florida Clewiston Described by an International Red Cross inspector in March 1945 as the “...worst in all America.”[33]
Winter Haven Florida
Photograph of headquarters, Bainbridge Army Airfield, Bainbridge, Georgia, June 1944

See also

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Footnotes

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  1. ^ "Center for Regional Heritage Research | SFASU". www.sfasu.edu. Retrieved 25 May 2023.
  2. ^ a b c d e Chip Walker (1985). "German Creative Activities in Camp Aliceville, 1943-1946". The Alabama Review. 38: 19–37.
  3. ^ Jordan, Paul (1 June 2010). "Italian Prisoners of War and Italian Service Units: From Enemies to Co-belligerents". Graduate Masters Theses.
  4. ^ "Prisoner of War Camps in California". militarymuseum.org.
  5. ^ "POW Camps in California". www.gentracer.org.
  6. ^ PDF text of report: DAPAM Issue 20; Issue 213: Prisoner of war utilization by the United States Army 1776-1945 Archived 1 November 2019 at the Wayback Machine, By Lewis, George G. and Mewha, John,]
  7. ^ Raw Text of: Prisoner of war utilization by the United States Army 1776-1945, By, Lewis, George G., Lieutenant Colonel, MPC, United States Army, and Mewha, John Captain, Armor, United States Army, pages 189–191
  8. ^ a b c d e f Krammer, Arnold (1 January 1996). Nazi Prisoners of War in America. Scarborough House. p. 174. ISBN 978-0-8128-8561-3.
  9. ^ Frank, David. "Bellemead (New Jersey) Italian Service Unit". POW Camps section. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
  10. ^ "GERMAN POWS LIVED AND DIED IN FLORIDA CAMPS". Orlando Sentinel. 9 May 2004.
  11. ^ Cowley, Betty (2002). Stalag Wisconsin. Saline, MI: Badger Books, Inc. pp. 95–97. ISBN 1-878569-83-X.
  12. ^ Frohm, Stuart (24 February 2010). "Father's memories of POWs spur teacher's research of central Michigan camps". Midland Daily News. Retrieved 21 April 2023.
  13. ^ Jack Hamann, "On American Soil: Camp Florence, Arizona." Archived 25 December 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  14. ^ Camp Hale Prisoners of War Archived 21 March 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  15. ^ "Camp Hearne WWII Historic Site and Exhibit – …preserving and teaching WWII history…". camphearne.com.
  16. ^ "Account from the Hereford Camp" for more see reference therein.
  17. ^ Camp Howze 1944 1945 " from a long term resident at the camp written to his girlfriend"
  18. ^ "August 1943 description of the Camp Maxey" Archived 9 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine Letters from Camp Maxey
  19. ^ Buck, Anita Albrecht (1998). Behind Barbed Wire: German Prisoners of War in Minnesota During World War II. St. Cloud, Minn.: North Star Press of St. Cloud, Inc. ISBN 0-87839-113-4.
  20. ^ "World War II Camp Had Impact on City" by Michael Hawfield, The News-Sentinel 15 December 1990 Archived 11 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  21. ^ "Camp Thomas A. Scott - Fort Wayne, Indiana - WWII Prisoner of War Camps on Waymarking.com". www.waymarking.com.
  22. ^ "Roadside History: Camp Stark, NH's WWII German POW camp, housed about 250 soldiers". 25 September 2016. Archived from the original on 20 July 2022.
  23. ^ "Waterloo Township officials say rundown prison camp is a hazard and should be razed". 10 October 2011.
  24. ^ Love, Marianne (Summer 1996). "Sailors Ahoy!". Sandpoint Magazine. Keokee Co. Publishing, Inc.
  25. ^ Cook, Williamsburg R.; Daniel J. Schultz (2004). Around Geneseo. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 0-7385-3496-X.
  26. ^ "Uboat.net - the Men - Prisoners of War - German POWs in North America".
  27. ^ https://www.newsargus.com/opinion/columnists/a-prisoner-s-life-at-seymour-johnson-field/article_4f4040db-25b2-5468-af8d-ee5483f82e28.html
  28. ^ Dedeaux, Flora; Noble, Noah (9 November 2023). "Hidden History: Mississippi's Nazi Prisoners of War". WLOX. Retrieved 1 October 2024.
  29. ^ "Fomer [sic] Site of the Caven Point Army Depot - Jersey City, New Jersey".
  30. ^ Colorado History.org[usurped]
  31. ^ "German Pows Lived and Died in Florida Camps". 9 May 2004.
  32. ^ "German POW's in Dade City, Florida".
  33. ^ "Museum of Florida History".
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