Giant pouched rat
| Giant pouched rat | |
|---|---|
| |
| Emin's pouched rat (Cricetomys emini) | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Rodentia |
| Family: | Nesomyidae |
| Subfamily: | Cricetomyinae |
| Genus: | Cricetomys Waterhouse, 1840 |
| Species | |
The giant pouched rats (genus Cricetomys) of sub-Saharan Africa are large muroid rodents.
Description
[edit]Their head and body lengths range from 25–45 cm (10–17.5 in) with scaly tails ranging from 36–46 cm (14–18 in). They weigh between 1.0 and 1.5 kg (2.2 and 3.3 lb).
Taxonomy
[edit]Giant pouched rats are only distantly related to the true rats, although until recently they had been placed in the same family, Muridae.[1] Recent molecular studies, however, place them in the family Nesomyidae, part of an ancient radiation of African and Malagasy muroids. The name "pouched rat" refers to their large cheek pouches.
The species are:
| Image | Common name | Scientific name | Distribution |
|---|---|---|---|
| Southern giant pouched rat | Cricetomys ansorgei | Zimbabwe, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia, and the Democratic Republic of Congo. | |
 |
Emin's pouched rat | Cricetomys emini | Tropical Africa, Madagascar |
 |
Gambian pouched rat | Cricetomys gambianus | Senegal to Kenya and from Angola to Mozambique |
| Kivu giant pouched rat | Cricetomys kivuensis | Southern Africa |
Behaviour
[edit]Females have been said to be capable of producing up to 10 litters yearly. Gestation is 27–36 days. The animals generally have between six and eight nipples. One to five young are born at a time.
The animals are nocturnal omnivores, and feed on vegetation and small animals, especially insects. They have a particular taste for palm nuts.
Interaction with humans
[edit]In many African countries, giant pouched rats are valued as an important food item.
They are easily tamed as pets, but were associated with an outbreak of monkeypox in the USA in 2003, and have since been banned from importation to the U.S.
Detecting explosives and tuberculosis by scent
[edit]These rats are also becoming useful in some areas for detecting land mines; their acute sense of smell is very effective in detecting explosives such as TNT, and at the same time they are light enough to not trigger any of the mines including antipersonnel mines.[2][3] The rats are being trained by APOPO, a nonprofit social venture based in Tanzania.
The procedure for training rats to detect land mines was conceived of and developed by Belgian Bart Weetjens. Training starts at four weeks of age, when the rats are handled to accustom them to humans and exposed to a variety of sights and sounds. They learn to associate a clicker with a food reward of banana or banana-peanut paste. They are then trained to indicate a hole that contains TNT by nosing it for five seconds. Then they learn to find the correct hole in a line of holes. Finally, the rat is trained to wear a harness and practises outdoors on a lead, finding inactive mines under soil. At the end of their training, they are tested; they must find all the mines in an area of 400 m2 (480 sq yd) that has been seeded with inactivated mines. It is a blind test; their handlers do not know where the mines are. If they succeed, they are certified as bomb-sniffing rats.[4]
APOPO is also training the rats to detect tuberculosis by sniffing sputum samples to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The rats can test many more samples than laboratory techniques can—100 in 20 minutes, which would take a lab technician up to four days using conventional microscopy.[5] Furthermore, samples submitted for secondary screening by the rats reassess 52% of initially negative tests are as positive. In some cases TB detected by rats has not been confirmed by clinical tests, but patients later developed TB, suggesting that rats can detect the disease before a clinical test. As of 2024[update] they were being used to screen for tuberculosis in Tanzania and Ethiopia.[6]
Land mine and tuberculosis sniffing rats are called HeroRATs.
In popular culture
[edit]Ben, in the 2003 remake of Willard, was a Gambian pouched rat.[7]
References
[edit]- ^ Mills, Gus & Hes, Lex (1997). The Complete Book of Southern African Mammals. Cape Town: Struik Publishers. ISBN 0947430555.
- ^ Wood, Ian (18 December 2007). "Rats being used to sniff out land mines". Telegraph.co.uk. Archived from the original on 26 February 2009.
- ^ Giant rats sniff out Mozambique's mines. IOL (29 January 2009)
- ^ Weetjens, Bart. How I taught rats to sniff out land mines, TED Talks, Rotterdam, 2010 (accessed 16 September 2011)
- ^ "TB Detection". APOPO. 4 August 2021. Retrieved 18 December 2024.
- ^ Muiruri, Peter (18 December 2024). "Cheap, smart and efficient: how giant rats are transforming the fight against TB". The Guardian.
- ^ "Willard (2013) Trivia". imdb.com. Retrieved 2017-07-14.
Further reading
[edit]- Nowak, R. M. 1999. Walker's Mammals of the World, Vol. 2. Johns Hopkins University Press, London
External links
[edit]- APOPO's HeroRATs
- UKpouchies, free information site
- National Pouched Rat Society, NPRS Pouched Rat Society
